{"id":6476,"date":"2021-01-27T08:50:38","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T05:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=6476"},"modified":"2021-01-27T08:50:38","modified_gmt":"2021-01-27T05:50:38","slug":"iyiden-odule-kotuden-cezaya-kutadgu-bilige-kulturel-bir-yaklasim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=6476","title":{"rendered":"\u0130yiden \u00f6d\u00fcle k\u00f6t\u00fcden cezaya: Kutadgu Bilig\u2019e k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Res. Assist. Hasan G\u00dcZEL<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Res. Assist. Hasan HAYIRSEVER<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ahlak, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u015fekillenen ve anlamsal i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, inan\u00e7 ve motivasyon farkl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle co\u011frafya, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarihe g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir kavramd\u0131r. G\u00f6receli ve de\u011fi\u015fken bir yap\u0131ya sahip olan bu kavram\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fczerine kuruludur. \u0130yi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde kimi zaman Sokrates, Platon ve Farabi\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi bilgiyle kimi zaman da Kant gibi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndaki niyet ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, bir eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ya da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmemesi konusunda ortak bir de\u011ferin oldu\u011funa ve evrensel ahlak yasas\u0131n\u0131n objektif \u00f6zelliklerine vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. \u0130dealle\u015ftirilen bir eylemin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcl ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rken; yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 istenen eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ise ceza olgusunu do\u011furur. En ilkel topluluklardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f toplumlar\u0131na kadar toplumsal hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar vard\u0131r. Toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar toplumsal ya\u015famda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ile \u015fekillenir. Her d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131l\u0131 veya yaz\u0131s\u0131z hukuk sistemi iyi > \u00f6d\u00fcl, k\u00f6t\u00fc >ceza kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulur. Ki\u015finin norm ve beklentilere uygun davran\u0131p davranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetimini sa\u011flayan unsurlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi toplumsal denetimdir. T\u00fcrk dilinin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden olan Kutadgu Bilig, Yusuf Has Hacib taraf\u0131ndan 1069-1070 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hacib, 6645 beyitten olu\u015fan bu eserinde, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere hem bu d\u00fcnyada hem de \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015famda insan\u0131 mutlulu\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131racak davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6rt kahraman\u0131n diyaloglar\u0131yla verir. Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde de toplumun istikrar\u0131n\u0131 ve bireyler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen ahlak de\u011ferleri ve hukuk sistemi mevcuttu. Bu de\u011ferler sisteminde tarihsel T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resi ve \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n buyruklar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Eski inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7en toplumun yeni ahlaki ve siyasi hedeflere ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilen Hacib, toplumuna ve y\u00f6neticilerine hem bu d\u00fcnyada hem \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015famda mutlulu\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek davran\u0131\u015f sistemini g\u00f6stermek istemi\u015ftir. \u0130slam dinine ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrklerin toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131nda ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7eri\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, yeni iyi-k\u00f6t\u00fc insan tipi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hacib\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc, bilgi ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilir. Hacib, bir ayd\u0131n olarak din de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f bir topluma yeni ahlaki hedefleri T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resini g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmeyecek \u015fekilde sunar. Onun iyi-do\u011fru insan tipi, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi\u2019deki gibi tasavvufi \u00f6\u011fretiyle de\u011fil; T\u00fcrk t\u00f6resinin ve \u0130slam dininin prensipleriyle \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Hacib, bu d\u00fcnyaya fazla g\u00f6n\u00fcl ba\u011flamayan, imanla Allah\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 ve kalbi Allah sevgisi ile dolu, bilgili bireyleri idealle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Hacib, insanlar\u0131 iyilik yapmaya y\u00f6neltecek \u015fekilde motive eder. Hacib, iyi kavram\u0131n\u0131 ve iyi insan olman\u0131n y\u00fcceli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klarken insanlar\u0131 iyilik yapmaya farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde g\u00fcd\u00fcler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc erdemli olman\u0131n sonucunda \u00f6d\u00fcle mutlaka kavu\u015fulacakt\u0131r. Bilgili, merhametli ve itaatk\u00e2r insan, huzura ve mutlulu\u011fa eri\u015filebilir. Ona g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kutsal canl\u0131 olan insan, iyi davran\u0131\u015flar ile hem bu d\u00fcnyada hem de ahiret hayat\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne kavu\u015facakt\u0131r. Hacib\u2019e g\u00f6re bilgisizlik, do\u011fru konu\u015fmamak, i\u00e7ki i\u00e7mek, haram, isyank\u00e2rl\u0131k, zina, kanunlara uymamak vs. k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. Her insan, do\u011fumundan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar toplumsal \u00e7evrede sergiledi\u011fi k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Hacib, k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n toplumsal hayattaki yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da mutlak suretle ifade etmi\u015ftir. Hacib, \u0130slam\u2019a ge\u00e7en halk\u0131na k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n sadece bu d\u00fcnyada da de\u011fil \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra da yapt\u0131r\u0131mla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Toplumsal ya\u015fam \u00fczerinde etkili olan \u0130slam dininin bu t\u00fcr buyruklar\u0131 Hacib i\u00e7in bir g\u00fcd\u00fcleme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, sosyal davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli denetim unsurunun toplumun kendisi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimeler<\/span> <\/strong>\u0130yi, k\u00f6t\u00fc, \u00f6d\u00fcl, ceza, t\u00f6re, g\u00fcd\u00fcleme.<\/p>\n

Makalenin tamam\u0131na eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen linki t\u0131klay\u0131n: \u0130yiden \u00f6d\u00fcle k\u00f6t\u00fcden cezaya: Kutadgu Bilig\u2019e k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Res. Assist. Hasan G\u00dcZEL Res. Assist. Hasan HAYIRSEVER \u00d6zet Ahlak, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u015fekillenen ve anlamsal i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, inan\u00e7 ve motivasyon farkl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle co\u011frafya, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarihe g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bir kavramd\u0131r. G\u00f6receli ve de\u011fi\u015fken bir yap\u0131ya sahip olan bu kavram\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fczerine kuruludur. \u0130yi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihinde kimi zaman Sokrates, Platon […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6476"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6482,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6476\/revisions\/6482"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}