{"id":4187,"date":"2020-07-14T11:30:41","date_gmt":"2020-07-14T08:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=4187"},"modified":"2020-07-14T11:30:41","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T08:30:41","slug":"dogu-turkistan-tarihini-anlatan-bir-eser-kitab-i-gazat-der-mulk-i-cin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=4187","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Tarihini Anlatan Bir Eser: Kit\u00e2b-I Gaz\u00e2t Der M\u00fclk-\u0130 \u00c7in"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ar. G\u00f6r. Naciye KARAHAN K\u00d6K<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin tarihleri boyunca en fazla ili\u015fkide bulunduklar\u0131 milletlerden birisi de \u00c7inlilerdir. \u00c7inliler kuzey kom\u015fular\u0131 olan T\u00fcrklerle kimi zaman dostane, kimi zaman da m\u00fccadele i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadele bilinen en eski T\u00fcrk devleti olan Hunlarla ba\u015flayarak G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Uygurlar, Karahanl\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol devletleri ile bunlar\u0131n miras\u0131
\n\u00fczerine kurulan hanl\u0131klar d\u00f6nemine kadar aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etmi\u015ftir. Aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam eden T\u00fcrk \u00c7in m\u00fccadeleleri ard\u0131nda sadece \u00c7in imparatorlu\u011funun kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in in\u015fa ettirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00c7in Seddi gibi muazzam bir sanat eseri b\u0131rakmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, tarihten edebiyata, dilden ekonomiye, askerlikten diplomasiye kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda zengin bir miras\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na da vesile olmu\u015ftur. Bu miras\u0131n yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmesinde \u00c7inliler \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etseler de
\nT\u00fcrkler de onu gelecek nesillere ta\u015f\u0131ma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda bu bilin\u00e7le hareket edenlerden birisi de Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Uygur T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin kaleminden \u00e7\u0131kan ve Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin H\u0131tay\/ \u00c7in ve Kalmaklara kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleyi anlatan \u201cKit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in\u201d adl\u0131 eseri, eserin m\u00fcellifi, istinsah tarihi, i\u00e7eri\u011fi, iml\u00e2 ve dil \u00f6zellikleri tan\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Bunlar yap\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken eserin Klasik Sonras\u0131 D\u00f6nem \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi metni olmas\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle T\u00fcrk dilinin bu tarih\u00ee leh\u00e7esi hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak ve eserin yaz\u0131m, ses ve \u015fekil \u00f6zellikleri T\u00fcrk dilinin bu tarih\u00ee leh\u00e7esiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Yine eserde tespit edilen sava\u015f, askerlik, devlet y\u00f6netimi, meslek ve yer adlar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrk dili ile ayn\u0131 dil ailesine mensup Mo\u011folcaya ait kelime ve yer adlar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zellikli kelimeler \u00fczerinde durularak eserin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Molla Bilal ve Eseri<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Son zamanlara kadar bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda: \u201cT\u00fcrkler, tarihte \u00f6nemli roller oynam\u0131\u015flar; ancak bu olaylar\u0131n yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmesinde etkili olamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d kana\u00e2tini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek tarihe y\u00f6n veren bir milletin tarihe kay\u0131t d\u00fc\u015fmede de geri kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren yazarlardan biri Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019dir. Molla Bilal Uygur T\u00fcrklerine mensup olup 1825 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gulca \u015fehrinde ayakkab\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fan Y\u00fcs\u00fcp isminde bir baban\u0131n o\u011fludur. Yetmi\u015f be\u015f y\u0131l ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisine
\nyer verilen Naz\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cGazeliyat, \u00c7anmoza Y\u00fcs\u00fcphan, Nazugum, M\u00fcminin Hicreti\u201d gibi eserleri onun Klasik T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, halk hik\u00e2yeleri, folkloru, \u0130slam dini konular\u0131na h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu veya hi\u00e7 olmazsa bir medrese e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddialar\u0131n\u0131 akla getirmektedir. Nitekim Muhammed Yelten\u2019in 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda Funda A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6z\u2019e yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBil\u00e2l N\u00e2z\u0131m \u015eeriyat\u0131dan\u201d adl\u0131 y\u00fcksek lisans tezinde N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin ilk tahsilini babas\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha sonra medresede Rudak\u00ee, Niz\u00e2m\u00ee, C\u00e2m\u00ee, Ali \u015eir Nev\u00e2\u00ee gibi isimlerin eserlerini okudu\u011fu ve kendisini onlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131ra\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirtilmi\u015ftir (A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00f6z 1995: IV). Yazara ait olan ve taraf\u0131m\u0131zca incelenip burada tan\u0131t\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak eseri Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in; Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u0130li \u015fehrinde 1864 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonbahar\u0131nda cereyan eden halk ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da verilen m\u00fccadelenin manzum mensur kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eserdir. Eserde Uygurlar\u0131n ata yurdunun Man\u00e7ur-H\u0131tay\/\u00c7in askerleri taraf\u0131ndan 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015fgal edildi\u011fi \u00f6zellikle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybedildikten sonra \u015fair, Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n eski vatan\u0131nda zul\u00fcm ve adaletsizli\u011fin, milli bask\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc canl\u0131 tasvirlerle g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Mollavutov 2014:
\n60).<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki \u00c7in-T\u00fcrk m\u00fccadelesinin t\u00fcm canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eser ayn\u0131 zamanda Mo\u011follar\u0131n bir kolunu olu\u015fturan Kalmuklarla ilgili bilgilerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tarih metnidir. Mo\u011follar\u0131n bir kolu olan Kalmuklar\u0131n bu m\u00fccadelede \u00c7inlilerin saf\u0131nda yer almalar\u0131 yani T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7inlilerle birlik olmalar\u0131, beraberinde bir Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00fc-Kalmuk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015f ve ya\u015fanan bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin haf\u0131zalar\u0131ndaki olumsuz izleri metne de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Molla Bilal\u2019in eserinde tam altm\u0131\u015f iki yerde tesad\u00fcf edilen Kalmuk ad\u0131n\u0131n, \u201cs\u00f6z\u00fcnde durmay\u0131p bir i\u015fin y\u00fcz\u00fcst\u00fc kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an, birine gizlice k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck eden\u201d (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e S\u00f6zl\u00fck: 1048) anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 veren \u201ckalle\u015f\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131 ve\u201cs\u00f6z anlamaz, s\u00f6z dinlemez, mutaass\u0131p, yosma ve levent\u201d (\u00d6zt\u00fcrk-\u00d6rs 2000: 231) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u201cevba\u015f\u201d kelimesiyle kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir:<\/p>\n

\u0137a\u00e7\u0131p yand\u0131 ar\u0137a\u0121a \u0137alma\u0137-lar
\nki \u0137all\u0101\u015f evb\u0101\u015f \u0137alta\u0137-lar (146\/14)<\/p>\n

N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin eserinde \u201cKalmaklar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Mo\u011follar, Mo\u011folcan\u0131n Oyrat\u00e7a konu\u015fan en b\u00fcy\u00fck kolunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kalmuklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kolu 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelerek Volga Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kolu ise K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019daki Is\u0131k G\u00f6l civar\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn literat\u00fcrde kendilerinden \u201cSart Kalmuklar\u0131\u201d olarak bahsettiren bu Mo\u011fol boyu, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n Karakol \u015fehrinin \u00e7evresindeki Ta\u015f-K\u0131ya, \u00c7elpek, Burma-Suu ve B\u00f6r\u00fc-Ba\u015f adl\u0131 yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan etnik bir gruptur. Sart Kalmuklar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 Tekes b\u00f6lgesinden g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Karakol \u015fehrinin bulundu\u011fu Aksu b\u00f6lgesine gelmi\u015ftir. Sart Kalmuklar\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiren en b\u00fcy\u00fck etken b\u00f6lgedeki ayaklanmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00fck etken b\u00f6lgedeki ayaklanmad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu ayaklanma; Tsin Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u015eensi eyaletinde ya\u015fayan Tunganlara (\u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman) kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siyas\u00ee, idar\u00ee ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bask\u0131lar, onlar\u0131n omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fcklenen a\u011f\u0131r vergiler neticesinde \u015eensi eyaletine ba\u011fl\u0131 Veynan vilayetinde ya\u015fayan Tunganlar taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayaklanma Tungan ayaklanmas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Din, Tunganlara yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanman\u0131n tetikleyici ve ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 en \u00f6nemli unsuru haline gelmi\u015ftir. Zamanla dini bir kimli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnen ayaklanmaya b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer halklar da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayaklanma, 1866\u2019da Gansu eyaletine, bir s\u00fcre sonra da Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019a yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayaklanma 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in ordusu taraf\u0131ndan kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Buyar 2013:826).<\/p>\n

Ayaklanma, istilac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde intikam almak i\u00e7in kanl\u0131 katliamlara ba\u015fvurularak bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi a\u011f\u0131r bir \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fehir ahalisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00f6zellikle erkekler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, kad\u0131nlar ise \u0130li \u015fehrine s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir. 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yakup Beg devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, Zo Zuntam askerleri, y\u00fcz binden fazla Uygur ve Tungan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 vah\u015fice yok etmi\u015ftir (Mollavutov 2014: 57).<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar; hem Kalmaklara kar\u015f\u0131 Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin haf\u0131zas\u0131nda ve edebiyat\u0131nda menfi bir his do\u011furmu\u015f hem de bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Mo\u011fol ve T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na akabinde ise \u00c7inin b\u00f6lgede g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ki \u0137alma\u0137 kil\u00fcr yol\u0121a b\u00f6gc\u00fcr[b\u00f6g\u00fcr] \u0137oyup
\nki m\u016b\u0121 u\u00e7rasa k\u00f6z-lerini oyup (20\/7)<\/p>\n

Eserin manzum b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan yukar\u0131daki beyitte \u015fair, Kalmaklar\u0131n Uygur T\u00fcrklerine duydu\u011fu s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, onlar\u0131n yollar\u0131na engeller koyma ve Uygurlar\u0131n bir di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Muglar\u0131n ise bir Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00fcn\u00fc fark ettikleri anda g\u00f6zlerini oymaya kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ifadeleriyle anlatmaktad\u0131r. Ancak destan\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kalmaklar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygur T\u00fcrklerinden ve \u0130slam dininden korktuklar\u0131n\u0131
\nanlatan \u015fu sat\u0131r ve beyitlere rastlanmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u0101m \u0137\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7\u0131-n\u0131n\u0361g heybetidin \u0137alma\u0137-lar y\u00fcreki f\u0101re bolup \u0137alma\u0137-lar c\u0101n vehmidin
\n\u00e7\u0131ng\u0167ay-n\u0131n\u0361g \u0127aberini ayt\u0131p m\u00fcselm\u0101n-lar \u015f\u0101h\u0131\u0121a n\u0101me ibergeni \u0137alma\u0137-lar \u00f6zinin\u0361g
\nem\u0101n\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6zlep \u00e7\u0131ng\u0167ay-n\u0131 munda le\u015fker-i isl\u0101m\u0121a ibergeni (36\/17-19)<\/p>\n

\u00c7in-Kalmak ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda kalan Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kara y\u0131llar\u0131 anlatan Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in eserinin yazar\u0131 Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee, bizzat m\u00fccadelenin i\u00e7erisinde yer almas\u0131 ve bu m\u00fccadeleyi eserine yans\u0131tmas\u0131 nedeniyle eserini birinci elden bir belge h\u00fcviyetine b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f bir \u015fair ve bilgindir. Bu durum, onu soyda\u015f\u0131 \u00c7a\u011fatay \u015fairi, Timur\u2019un be\u015finci g\u00f6bekten torunu olan ve Hindistan\u2019da G\u00fcrkani Devleti\u2019ni kuran Babur, ile de mukayese imk\u00e2n\u0131 k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Babur, nas\u0131l ki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yolunda ba\u015f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7enleri kaleme ald\u0131ysa Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee de Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 olaylar\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarih\u00ee olaylar\u0131n kronolojik bir s\u0131rayla verildi\u011fi bu eser, 1876 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131n\u0131n sonunda tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130li \u015fehrinde 1860-1870 y\u0131llar\u0131nda cereyan eden halk ayaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserde, Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee kurtulu\u015f hareketinin gerek\u00e7elerini s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygur T\u00fcrklerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi kahramanlar\u0131ndan Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cKit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in\u201d eseri, Ma\u011ffiret Kemal Yunuso\u011flu (2013: 148) taraf\u0131ndan destan olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r Ancak Molla Bilal\u2019\u0131n bu eseri, T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer destanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak olaylar\u0131n sadece bir tek kahraman etraf\u0131nda anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir destan de\u011fil de Dede Korkut hik\u00e2yeleri gibi bir toplumun -Tunkanlar- ve onun mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k u\u011fruna ba\u015flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en olaylar\u0131n bir araya getirilmesinden v\u00fccuda gelmi\u015f bir eser izlenimi vermektedir. Nitekim bu eser de destandan halk hik\u00e2yecili\u011fine ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi eserlerinden olan Dede Korkut Kitab\u0131 gibi, besmele, Allah\u2019a hamd, peygambere ve d\u00f6rt halifeye \u00f6vg\u00fc ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eser daha sonra Dede Korkut Kitab\u0131nda ge\u00e7en boylarda oldu\u011fu gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. \u201c\u0130li Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131sa tarihi, hanl\u0131k topraklar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen cihat, bu cihatta
\nyer alan beyler, hanl\u0131k zaman\u0131nda hangi \u015fehirlerin in\u015fa edildi\u011fi ve harap edildi\u011fi\u2026\u201d gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar koyu renk ile g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve zor g\u00fcnlerinin kendisi de bir Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00fc olan ve bu \u00c7in-Kalmuk-T\u00fcrk m\u00fccadelesinin i\u00e7inde bizzat yer alan Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in; \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde TAEKK 1528 yer numaras\u0131 ve \u201cVoyna Musulman protiv kitaytsev (M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00c7inlilere Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131), tekst nare\u00e7iya taran\u00e7i= Kitab-\u0131 gazat der m\u00fclk-i \u00c7in – Telif Molla Bilal b. Molla Yusuf el-Naz\u0131m\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Tek n\u00fcsha olan eserin sonundaki ifadeye g\u00f6re, yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi hicr\u00ee 1293, milad\u00ee 1876\/1877\u2019dir. \u015eair, eserinin 163. sayfas\u0131n\u0131n 13. beytinde bu tarihi ebced hesab\u0131na g\u00f6re hicr\u00ee 1293 tarihine tekab\u00fcl eden \u2018\u0121ar\u015bac\u2019 (\u063a 0999 \u0631 099 09 \u0635 ve 3 \u062c ( kelimesiyle tarih d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Karahan K\u00f6k 2016: 436). Ayr\u0131ca istinsah tarihi ile ilgili bilgi metnin sonunda \u201ct\u0101r\u012f\u0127 bir min\u0361g iki y\u00fcz to\u0137san \u00fc\u00e7-de ili \u0125es\u0101b\u0131da bars y\u0131l\u0131-da bu defter tam\u0101m\u0131\u0121a y\u0117tken (166\/13-14)\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. Eserin istinsah tarihi k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u00f6nce hicr\u00ee olarak y\u0131l s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi, sonra On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk takvimindeki y\u0131llardan biri olan bars y\u0131l\u0131 dendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7inlilerin, Hintlilerin, Mo\u011follar\u0131n, Tibetlerin de kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu takvimin en geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisi bulunmaktad\u0131r (\u00d6zyetgin 1996: 170).<\/p>\n

Eserin N\u00fcshalar\u0131 ve \u00dczerine Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi Hicr\u00ee ve On \u0130ki Hayvanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk takvimine g\u00f6re belirtilen Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cKit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in\u201d adl\u0131 eseri tek n\u00fcshad\u0131r. Eser \u00fczerine ilk ve tek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Rus oryantalisti N. Nikolay Pantusov\u2019a aittir. N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin eserini 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gulca\u2019da g\u00f6rev yaparken g\u00f6ren ve yazarla kurdu\u011fu dostluk kanal\u0131yla da esere sahip olan Pantusov, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin eserini iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm h\u00e2linde 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazan\u2019da matbu harflerle ne\u015fretmi\u015ftir. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Pantusov\u2019un ne\u015frinde eser hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve eserin temas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren be\u015f sayfal\u0131k bir \u201cKiri\u015f S\u00f6z\u201d ile metnin t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1881 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise ilk ne\u015firdeki bask\u0131 hatalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f \u015fekilleri, bu kelimelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ve m\u00fcellifin \u00fcslubu ile ilgilidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan ve \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde TAEKK 1528 yer numaras\u0131 ile
\nkay\u0131tl\u0131 olan orijinal metin Pantusov taraf\u0131ndan 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kazan\u2019da bast\u0131r\u0131lan birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yer alan metindir. Bu metin 166 sayfadan te\u015fekk\u00fcl edip sayfa uzunlu\u011fu 23 cm\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Eserin sebeb-i nazm-\u0131 telifinden yazar\u0131n vatan\u0131n\u0131 ve milletini seven biri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Onun \u015fu m\u0131sralar\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en somut delili olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir: \u201cbu defterni evvel iki \u00fc\u00e7 ay \u01feal\u012f bay ta\u0137r\u012fr \u0137\u0131l\u0131p s\u00f6zini fa\u0137\u012fr moll\u0101 bil\u0101l n\u0101\u017e\u012bm ne\u015dir boyun\u00e7a fitip and\u0131n fur\u00e7a t\u0117ggen\u00e7e na\u017em \u0137\u0131l\u0131p \u0121az\u0101t \u0137\u0131l\u0121an m\u00fcselm\u0101n-larn\u0131n\u0361g evl\u0101dlar\u0131\u0121a y\u0101d
\nn\u0101me \u0137\u0131l\u0131p \u0137oydu\u0137 (166\/10-11)\u201d. Bu ifadeler, ayn\u0131 zamanda eserin yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131 olarak da kabul edilebilecek beyanlard\u0131r. Yani bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f gayesi; Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi vatanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bask\u0131 ve zulm\u00fc ortaya koymak, bu zulme kar\u015f\u0131 verilen mill\u00ee m\u00fccadeleyi sonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve halk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u011frunda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yitiren M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n isimlerini daha sonraki ku\u015faklar\u0131n hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda ya\u015fatmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in Adl\u0131 Eserin Vezin ve Dil \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7in-Kalmuk-T\u00fcrk m\u00fccadelesinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131 ebed\u00ee k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in telif edildi\u011fi belirtilen \u201cKit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in\u201d, Arap\u00e7ada yakla\u015fan anlam\u0131na gelen, \u0130mam Hal\u00eel aruzunun on be\u015finci ve son bahri olan, on de\u011fi\u015fik kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fuyla daha \u00e7ok mesnevilerde tercih edildi\u011fi ifade edilen \u2018m\u00fctek\u00e2rib\u201d bahrinin \u201cfe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn fe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn fe\u2019\u00fbl\u00fcn fe\u2019\u00fbl\u201d vezniyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehn\u00e2me \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak da bilinen bu vezin, k\u0131sa ve hareketli bir
\nkal\u0131pt\u0131r (\u0130pekten 2010: 271). Ayr\u0131ca eserin 72.-73. sayfalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cmu\u1e2bammes-i Bil\u00e2l\u00ee\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla aruzun hezec bahrinin T\u00fcrk \u015fiirinde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131b\u0131 olan \u201cmef\u00e2\u2019\u00eel\u00fcn mef\u00e2\u2019\u00eel\u00fcn mef\u00e2\u2019\u00eel\u00fcn mef\u00e2\u2019\u00eel\u00fcn\u201d kal\u0131b\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f be\u015f bentlik bir muhammes yer almaktad\u0131r (Karahan K\u00f6k 2016: 437).<\/p>\n

Macar T\u00fcrkolog J. Eckmann\u2019\u0131n klasik \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nem (15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan Nev\u00e2y\u00ee\u2019nin 1465\u2019te ilk divan\u0131n\u0131 tertibine kadar), klasik d\u00f6nem (1465-1600) ve klasik sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nem (1600-1921) olarak tasnif etti\u011fi \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin (1958: 115-126) son d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131lan N\u00e2z\u0131m\u00ee\u2019nin bu eserinin iml\u00e2 \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 eklerin g\u00f6vdeden ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131: \u064a\u0646\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u01fealem-nin\u0361g (2\/2), \u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0649 \u064f\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0626\u0643 mel\u0101\u01ffiklerini (2\/13), \u0643\u0627 \u064f\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 Y\u016bsuf-ka (3\/1), \u063a\u0647 \u064f\u0641\u0633\u0642\u0649 f\u0131s\u0137\u0131-\u0121a (4\/6), Kelimedeki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcnl\u00fclerin g\u00f6sterilmesi: \u0642\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0137\u0131ldurub (2\/13), \u0622\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628 arturub (3\/18), \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627 bolmasa (5\/10), \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0127\u0101\u015blar (4\/12), \u064a\u0646\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0649 \u00f6zi-nin\u0361g (6\/7), \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0643\u062f\u0648\u0631 dimekd\u00fcr (6\/11), \u0627\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0645 i\u015fim (6\/16), \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0628\u064f\u062a t\u00fc\u015fip (7\/17), \u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0647 ba\u015f\u0131m\u0121a, \u00c7okluk ekinde \u00fcnl\u00fclerin g\u00f6sterilmesi: \u0631 \u064f\u0622\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0101dem\u012fler (6\/11), \u062a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0631 ta\u0121-lar (3\/14), \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0631
\nba\u0121-lar (3\/14), \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0649 y\u00fck-lerini (48\/9), \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0627 yol-larda (52\/10), Kal\u0131n s\u0131radan kelimelerdeki \u0635\/ \u015b\/ \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc i\u00e7in \u0633\/ s\/ harfinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: \u0633\u0648\u0649 soy (57\/9), \u063a\u0647 \u064f\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0649 suy\u0131-\u0121a (104\/2), \u0633\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0647 son\u0361gra (162\/20), \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0642 savu\u0137lu\u0137 (90\/22), \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0647 savrur\u0121a (23\/16) gibi Uygur iml\u00e2 \u00f6zellikleri, Kelimelerdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcnl\u00fclerin yaz\u0131lmamas\u0131: \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0644 k\u00f6n\u0361g\u00fcl (9\/18), \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0649 birevni (4\/4), \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0631 yaman-lar (6\/12), \u064a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643 yalan\u0361g (105\/17), \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0628 tizip (102\/19), T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde \u015fedde i\u015faretinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: \u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0651\u0627 ass\u0131\u0121 (153\/5), \u062c\u063a\u0649 \u0651\u0622 a\u00e7\u00e7\u0131\u0121\u0131 (137\/19), \u0649\u0651\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a yarutt\u0131 (3\/13), \u0649\u0651\u064a\u062a y\u0117tti (125\/12), \u0649\u0651\u062a\u0648\u062a tutt\u0131 (8\/17) gibi Arap ve Fars iml\u00e2 \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede kapal\u0131 \u0117 olarak bilinen ve normal uzunluktaki d\u00fcz, geni\u015f, ince e \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ile d\u00fcz, dar, ince i \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131nda bir ses de\u011ferine sahip \u00fcnl\u00fc, Runik harfli metinlerden bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin dokuzuncu \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc olarak var olagelmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u0117 mi, yoksa i mi okunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrkolojisinde tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Metindeki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerde ilk hecedeki \/e\/\u2019ler \u0649\/ ye\/ harfi ile g\u00f6sterilirken bu harfin kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kelimelerde ise kapal\u0131 \u0117 olarak okunmu\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131m\u0131zca incelenen metinde de tespit edilmi\u015f: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0649 \u0117l\u00e7i (34\/14), \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0117ltib (125\/2), \u0627\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0117mdi (20\/12), \u0646\u0686\u0647 n\u0117\u00e7e (8\/17), \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0649 b\u0117rdi (2\/10), \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0649 k\u0117lt\u00fcralmay (23\/6), \u0643\u0631\u0643 k\u0117rek (32\/15), \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0643 k\u0117reklig (50\/3), \u0643\u0631\u0648 k\u0117r\u00fc (44\/9). Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin ilk hecesinde kapal\u0131 \u0117 \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc bulunduran baz\u0131 kelimelerinin metinde asl\u00ee \u015fekillerini koruduklar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: b\u0117k 75\/2, b\u0117l 87\/22, b\u0117n 71\/8, b\u0117\u015f 20\/10, \u00e7\u0117k- 152\/20, d\u011789\/10, d\u0117k 12\/11, d\u0117li 43\/16, \u0117l\u00e7i 34\/14, \u0117llig 54\/19,\u0117t- 52\/12, \u0117tt\u00fcr- 3\/9 gibi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen, ikinci hecedeki yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle ilk hecedeki d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcn\u00fcn yuvarlakla\u015fmas\u0131 olay\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya esas al\u0131nan metinde de tespit edilmi\u015ftir: evl\u00fck > \u00fcyl\u00fck (110\/10), tam\u0131r > tamur > tomur (29\/15).<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde kal\u0131nl\u0131k-incelik uyumunun s\u0131k s\u0131k bozulmas\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi metinde de tespit edilmi\u015ftir: i\u015f\u0137a (7\/8), itma\u0137 (105\/13). T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7adan al\u0131nt\u0131 ince \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc kelime tabanlar\u0131na kal\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc ekler geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: em\u012frl\u0131\u0137 (34\/12), merdl\u0131\u0121 (133\/22), telb\u012fs-l\u0131\u0121 (42\/18).<\/p>\n

Metinde Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin kelime ba\u015f\u0131 \/b-\/ sesleri \/n\/ ve \/n\u0361g\/ gibi arka damak \u00fcns\u00fczlerinin etkisiyle daima \/m\/ olmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \/m\/li kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \/b\/li kullan\u0131mlardan \u00e7oktur: b\u0117n > m\u0117n (7\/1), bun\u00e7a > mun\u00e7a (9\/6), bun\u0361gda\u015f > mun\u0361gda\u015f (124\/16), bin > min\u0361g (15\/17), bin- > min- 139\/14.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin ilk devresinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve daha sonra Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Azerbaycan ve Osmanl\u0131 sahalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki belirli ses farklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yer alan -\u0137- > -\u0127de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine metinde rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Serebrennikov-Gadjieva 2011: 41). \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esindeki bu \u00fcns\u00fcz de\u011fi\u015fmesinin Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin etkisiyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir: a\u0137\u015fam > a\u0127\u015fam (126\/4), Nilka > Nil\u0127a \u201cYer ad\u0131\u201d (22\/5), ta\u0137\u0131 > ta\u0127\u0131 (5\/2), ta\u0137u\u0137 > ta\u0127u (138\/20).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7e\/\u015fivelerini tasnif etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131n tasnif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \/b-\/ belirleyici bir \u00f6zellik kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u201cKimi zaman vezin gere\u011fi oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen bu ses erimesinin \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde tek \u00f6rne\u011fi bol- fiilinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u201d (Argun\u015fah 2013: 96) Orhun, Uygur, Karahanl\u0131, Harezm, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Do\u011fu ve Kuzeydo\u011fu grubu T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinde bol- \u015feklinin tercih edildi\u011fi fiilin O\u011fuzcada ol- \u015feklinde kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda O\u011fuzca bir \u00f6zellik olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir: ol14\/1, 37\/15, 63\/12, 89\/21 vs.<\/p>\n

Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \/b-\/ seslerinin metnimizde de korundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: b\u0117r- (36\/12), bar- (111\/8), bar (6\/13).<\/p>\n

Dudak \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc \/p\/ sesinin bir\u00e7ok yerde di\u015f-dudak \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fc \/f\/ sesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc
\ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: \u00e7ap- > \u00e7af- (111\/2), toprak > tofra\u0137 (2\/8), yapra\u0121 > yafra\u0121 (120\/20), k\u00f6rpe >
\nk\u00f6rfe (106\/4).<\/p>\n

Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdeki \/t-\/ sesleri korunmakla birlikte metinde s\u0131k s\u0131k \/d-\/li \u00f6rneklerle de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: ta\u0121 (33\/2) ~ da\u0121 (44\/21), ta\u0127\u0131 (19\/9) ~ da\u0121\u0131 (2\/7), tomur (9\/15)~damar 45\/3, t\u0117- (67\/6) ~ d\u0117- (119\/3), til (7\/19) ~ dil (69\/17), tive (16\/14) ~ dive (134\/17), t\u00fcz (27\/19) ~ d\u00fcz (32\/20).<\/p>\n

Geni\u015f zaman\u0131n olumsuz \u00e7ekiminde \u00f6t\u00fcml\u00fc \/z\/ \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6t\u00fcms\u00fczle\u015ferek \/s\/ oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: \u0137oymaz>\u0137oymas (159\/7), k\u00f6ralmaz>k\u00f6ralmas (83\/17), tar\u0131maz>tar\u0131mas (105\/15), olmaz>olmas (2\/8), k\u00f6r\u00fcnmez>k\u00f6r\u00fcnmes (94\/1), turmaz>turmas (162\/8), yanmaz>yanmas (36\/8).<\/p>\n

\u0130simden s\u0131fat t\u00fcretme eki +lIk, +lUk ekinin asl\u00ee \u015feklini korudu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: \u015fehrlig (53\/20), \u00fcyl\u00fcg (110\/10), t\u0117n\u0361glig (15\/8).<\/p>\n

Bir kelimede ayn\u0131 \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn art arda s\u00f6ylenmesi veya yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 durumu (Y\u0131ld\u0131z 2008:198) olan ve \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin \u00f6nemli ses \u00f6zelliklerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilen \u00fcns\u00fcz ikizle\u015fmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: a\u00e7\u00e7\u0131\u0121 (137\/15), \u0137att\u0131\u0121 (45\/12), n\u0117\u00e7\u00e7e (147\/22), s\u0117kkiz (112\/17), u\u015f\u015fa\u0137 (32\/3).<\/p>\n

D\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumunun tam olarak geli\u015fmedi\u011fi \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde I. ve II. teklik \u015fah\u0131s iyelik ekleri genellikle bu uyuma uyar. Ancak Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden itibaren yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcz \u015fekilleri mevcut olan III. teklik \u015fah\u0131s iyelik eki, \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda da ayn\u0131 \u015feklini muhafaza eder: \u00fcstige (71\/10), \u00fcyi-ge (109\/9), ta\u0127us\u0131n\u0131 (138\/20). Yine d\u00fczl\u00fckyuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil eden eklerden birisi de yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc isim k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vdelerine getirilen I. \u00e7okluk \u015fah\u0131s iyelik ekidir. Bu ekin yuvarlak \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc +mUz \u015feklinden \u00e7ok, d\u00fcz \u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fc +mIz \u015fekli kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: yurt\u0131m\u0131zn\u0131n\u0361g (111\/3), \u01fe\u00f6mrimiz (6\/14). II. \u00e7okluk \u015fah\u0131s iyelik eki ise genellikle d\u00fczl\u00fck-yuvarlakl\u0131k uyumuna uyarken kimi zaman bu uyuma ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ekin \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcnde d\u00fczle\u015fmeler g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir: \u00fcy\u00fcn\u0361g\u00fczde (138\/5), \u0137olun\u0361guz\u0121a (102\/21), burnun\u0361g\u0131zd\u0131n (114\/3).<\/p>\n

Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00f6neminden beri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz zamir n’sinin isim \u00e7ekiminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumu, ilk kez \u00c7a\u011fatay d\u00f6nemi eserlerinde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flar. \u00c7a\u011fatay d\u00f6nemine ait mensur eserlerde III. teklik \u015fah\u0131s iyelik eki ile y\u00f6nelme, bulunma ve \u00e7\u0131kma h\u00e2li ekleri aras\u0131na \u00e7o\u011funlukla zamir n\u2019si gelmez (Argun\u015fah 2013: 117). Bu durum incelemeye esas al\u0131nan metnimizde de tespit edilmi\u015ftir: y\u00fcreki\u0121a (28\/19), \u0137an\u0131da (74\/15), \u015fehridin (27\/5).
\n\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde ilgi h\u00e2li eki \u00fcns\u00fczle biten kelimelerden sonra da +nIn\u0361g \u015feklinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durum Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinden farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir (Tekin 2000: 107, Eckmann 2012: 69-71). Ancak ilgi h\u00e2linin zamirlerle \u00e7ekiminde +In\u0361g\u2019l\u0131 \u015fekiller de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir: \u0127a\u0137an-n\u0131n\u0361g (23\/11), i\u015f-nin\u0361g (38\/13), m\u0117nin\u0361g (102\/21), s\u0117nin\u0361g (102\/21).<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin zamirlere getirdi\u011fi +nI ekini y\u00fckleme h\u00e2li olarak genelle\u015ftirir: girye+si+ni (124\/9), g\u00fcl+ni (147\/3), \u0127al\u0137+n\u0131 (69\/2), ibergen+ni (36\/3), i\u00e7+ni (83\/11). Ek, III. teklik \u015fah\u0131s iyelik ekini alm\u0131\u015f isimlerden sonra +n bi\u00e7iminde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr: n\u0101me+si+n (42\/13), o\u0137+\u0131+n (95\/16), \u00f6z+i+n (5\/1), s\u00f6z+i+n (11\/12), til+i+n (65\/2), ya\u015f+\u0131+n (58\/1), yol+\u0131+n (112\/21), y\u00fcrek+i+n (117\/6).<\/p>\n

Tarih boyunca herhangi bir ses de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine u\u011framayan bulunma h\u00e2li eki, \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda +dA \u015feklindedir. Ekin bu \u015fekli \u00fcnl\u00fc uyumlar\u0131na uyarken \u00fcns\u00fcz uyumu i\u00e7in ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir: \u0137ay\u0121u+da (67\/2), kent+de (113\/5), k\u00f6\u00e7+de (148\/20), k\u00fcn+de (163\/21), mey+de (118\/12).<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi eserlerinde, \u00e7\u0131kma h\u00e2li ekinin yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen +dIn \u015fekli metnimizde de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: sema+d\u0131n (33\/16), sen+din (72\/2), senin\u0361g+din (165\/5), ser+din (140\/13), s\u0131rda\u015f+\u0131m+d\u0131n (124\/18). K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur ve Karahanl\u0131 metinlerinde y\u00f6n g\u00f6sterme h\u00e2li i\u00e7in i\u015flek olarak kullan\u0131lan +GArI, +ger\u00fc, +KarI, +\u0137aru, +rA \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybedip birka\u00e7 kelimede kal\u0131pla\u015farak kullan\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir: i\u00e7+keri (62\/3), i\u00e7+re (6\/12), i\u00e7+keri+\u0121a (29\/16), il+geri (137\/3), ta\u015f+\u0137ar\u0131 (50\/6).<\/p>\n

Metinde ir- ve i- ek-fiili birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r: yo\u0137 bolupdur idi (33\/3), kil\u00fcr irdi (145\/15), k\u00f6zl\u00fcg ir\u00fcr (87\/14), ass\u0131\u0121 idi (153\/5). Ek-fiilin olumsuz \u00e7ekimi imes \u201cde\u011fil\u201d kelimesiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r: \u0121ur\u016br imes men (42\/14), d\u00fc\u015fmen imes men (27\/19), \u0125a\u0137\u012fr imes-d\u00fcr (123\/15), \u017e\u0101hir imes-d\u00fcr (5\/20).<\/p>\n

Metinde gelecek zaman \u00e7ekiminin -\u0121u\/-g\u00fc s\u0131fat-fiil eki + iyelik ekleri ile de yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu \u015fekil yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Nitekim metnimizde sadece iki \u00f6rnekte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: iyleg\u00fcm (44\/1), \u0137oy\u0121um (85\/4). Metinde birka\u00e7 yerde kullan\u0131lan \u015fu \u00f6rnekler ise bu \u015feklin unutulmakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir: \u0137\u0131l\u0121u miz (48\/13), \u0137\u0131l\u0121u siz (42\/18).<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada yeterlik fiili \u00e7ekiminin al- yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiili ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: \u0137\u0131la al- (7\/9), bola alma- (7\/8), \u0137\u0131la alma- (50\/17), tapa alma- (78\/3).<\/p>\n

Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in Adl\u0131 Eserin S\u00f6z Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da yaz\u0131m, ses ve \u015fekil \u00f6zelliklerinin verilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in adl\u0131 eserinde, b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr izlerini tan\u0131\/t\/mada \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan ve bir milletin o b\u00f6lgedeki tapu senetleri olarak nitelendirilen T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u015fu yer adlar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r: A\u0137su (31\/5), A\u0137 Tam (76\/2), A\u0137 Tufa (40\/1), A\u0137yol (34\/3), Alatar 30\/13), Ara Boz (34\/5), \u00c7on\u0361g Yulduz (141\/6), \u0136a\u0121un\u00e7\u0131 (20\/2), \u0136ara\u0137ol (42\/10), \u0136ara Y\u0131\u0121a\u00e7 (55\/10).<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f, askerlik, devlet y\u00f6netimi ve meslek adlar\u0131yla ilgili, metinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen kelimeler \u015funlard\u0131r: min\u0361g b\u0117ki (141\/7), bik (122\/ 16), y\u00fcz b\u0117ki (141\/8), a\u011fa\u00e7a (63\/4), a\u0137sa\u0137al (89\/21), bay (24\/2), \u0117l\u00e7i (34\/14), min\u0361g ba\u015f\u0131 (74\/18), ayak\u00e7\u0131 (84\/5), \u0127azne\u00e7i (26\/ 13), i\u015fik-a\u0121as\u0131 (24\/9), otun\u00e7\u0131 (143\/8), t\u0117m\u00fcr\u00e7i (140\/5), b\u0101z\u0101r biki (44\/12), \u015fang b\u0117ki (20\/21), dor\u0121a (51\/14), \u0137aravul (78\/7).<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, T\u00fcrk dili ile ayn\u0131 dil ailesine mensup Mo\u011folcaya ait \u015fu kelime ve yer adlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: ald\u0131rap (95\/15), asrad\u0131 (39\/21), b\u00fcd\u00fcn[e] (28\/8), \u00e7akar 81\/18, cun\u00e7i (84\/17), \u00e7ir\u0101yl\u0131\u0137 (74\/18), \u0137adap (83\/10), \u0137adal\u0121an\u0131 (36\/2), \u0137aravul (109\/6), dabann\u0131 (42\/9), \u0121ol (142\/19), \u0137aravul\u00e7\u0131 (109\/8), n\u00f6ker (81\/9), taran\u00e7i (154\/17), \u015fang (20\/21), k\u00f6kelda\u015f 10\/4, Ca\u0121ustay (19\/18), Saftay (134\/8), Ulastay (22\/5).<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak tarih bilimi i\u00e7in bir kay\u0131t tutma arac\u0131 olan dil, bu i\u015flevini yerine getirirken bir yandan da dilin tarihini yazar. Tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk dili alan\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan metinlerden hareketle sosyal de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmeleri takip etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yap\u0131lan incelemeler sonunda Uygur T\u00fcrkleri ile onlar\u0131n dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, gelenek, g\u00f6renek, idar\u00ee ve asker\u00ee te\u015fkilatlar\u0131, sosyal hayatlar\u0131, toponimleri ile ilgili izleri takip etmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Gaz\u00e2t der M\u00fclk-i \u00c7in adl\u0131 eserinde de\u011ferli bilgilerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkl\u00fck bilimi i\u00e7in de\u011ferli bilgiler arz eden bu eserin hem \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk Leh\u00e7elerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan \u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinden \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dillerine ge\u00e7i\u015fin, hem de naz\u0131m bi\u00e7imi olan destan gelene\u011finin ve tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi geli\u015fimin tespiti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle eser, farkl\u0131 T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131 dillerinin \u00f6zelliklerini b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi eseri \u00f6zelli\u011fi sergilemektedir.<\/p>\n

Yine 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00c7in s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve bunun do\u011furdu\u011fu sosyal facialar\u0131 eserlerinde i\u015fleyerek Uygurlar aras\u0131nda yeni bir mill\u00ee edebiyat\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131nda Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir yerinin oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserindeki Arap\u00e7a, \u00c7ince, Fars\u00e7a ve Mo\u011folca kelimelerle aruz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ustaca kullanma becerisi onun tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca eserin ba\u015f\u0131nda verilen din ve tarih bilgilerinden de bu alanlarda s\u00f6yleyecek s\u00f6z\u00fc oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan Molla Bilal N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n, bu edebiyat\u0131n idr\u00e2k\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken bir isim oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\nUluslararas\u0131 Uygur Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, S. 1\/1, s. 145-151.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ar. G\u00f6r. Naciye KARAHAN K\u00d6K \u00d6zet T\u00fcrklerin tarihleri boyunca en fazla ili\u015fkide bulunduklar\u0131 milletlerden birisi de \u00c7inlilerdir. \u00c7inliler kuzey kom\u015fular\u0131 olan T\u00fcrklerle kimi zaman dostane, kimi zaman da m\u00fccadele i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadele bilinen en eski T\u00fcrk devleti olan Hunlarla ba\u015flayarak G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Uygurlar, Karahanl\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol devletleri ile bunlar\u0131n miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulan hanl\u0131klar d\u00f6nemine kadar aral\u0131ks\u0131z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4187"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4189,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4187\/revisions\/4189"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}