{"id":4132,"date":"2020-07-08T11:02:44","date_gmt":"2020-07-08T08:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=4132"},"modified":"2020-07-08T11:02:44","modified_gmt":"2020-07-08T08:02:44","slug":"uygur-sivil-belgeleri-isiginda-eski-uygurlarda-uzum-yetistiriciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/?p=4132","title":{"rendered":"Uygur Sivil Belgeleri I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Eski Uygurlarda \u00dcz\u00fcm Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Doktora \u00d6\u011frencisi. Buheliqi WE\u0130L\u0130<\/span><\/strong>
\nProf. Dr. A. Melek \u00d6ZYETG\u0130N<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Turfan Uygurlar\u0131na ait Uygur sivil (dind\u0131\u015f\u0131) belgeleri (9-14. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) Uygurlar\u0131n siyasi, iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili \u00f6nemli bilgiler i\u00e7ermektedir. Budist Uygurlar\u0131n tarihini, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi \u015fekilde yans\u0131tan bu belgeler, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemin sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, iktisadi ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, c\u00fcmleden Tar\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgili de \u00f6nemli bilgiler vermektedir. Uygur sivil belgelerinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re yerle\u015fik hayat\u0131 benimseyen Uygurlar Turfan havalisinde tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve hububatlar, tah\u0131llar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini yeti\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Uygurlar\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda meyvelerin, \u00f6zellikle de \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir yeri oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Uygurlar\u0131n hububatlar hari\u00e7 en \u00e7ok tar\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcz\u00fcm, besin maddesi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavi etmek amac\u0131yla bitkisel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar ile beraber ila\u00e7 olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcz\u00fcmden yap\u0131lan farkl\u0131 kalitedeki \u015faraplar\u0131n vergi \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Bu makalede Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7en ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00fcz\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgili konular incelenerek \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn eski Uygur toplumundaki yeri ve \u00f6nemi ortaya konulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/span> <\/strong>Uygurlar, Turfan Uygur Devleti, Uygur Sivil Belgeleri, Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, \u00dcz\u00fcm.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Turfan b\u00f6lgesi, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yeti\u015fmesi i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a elveri\u015fli iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahiptir. Bundan dolay\u0131 bu b\u00f6lge, tarih boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli hububatlar, tah\u0131llar, sebzeler ve meyvelerin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00f6nemli tar\u0131m alanlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. Turfan Uygur Devleti d\u00f6neminde de bu b\u00f6lgede tar\u0131m yap\u0131lmaya devam edilmi\u015f, mevcut tar\u0131m arazileri geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden al\u0131nan verimin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla \u00f6zel sulama kanallar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda devlet \u00e7e\u015fitli tedbirler alarak b\u00f6lgede tar\u0131m\u0131n aral\u0131ks\u0131z yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Hububat ve tah\u0131l tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, Uygurlarda ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir yan kolu olarak geli\u015fen ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, Uygurlar\u0131n iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli yer tutmu\u015ftur. Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda yeti\u015ftirdikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcm, di\u011fer meyvelere k\u0131yasla olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Uygurlar\u0131n sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve iktisadi ya\u015famlar\u0131na dair k\u0131ymetli bilgiler i\u00e7eren Uygur sivil belgeleri Uygurlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fe dair olduk\u00e7a zengin veriler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgelerinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Uygurlarda \u00fcz\u00fcm, hububatlar hari\u00e7 en \u00e7ok \u00fcretilen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgili Uygur sivil belgelerinde \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 (borluk), \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleticisi (borluk\u00e7\u0131) \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 (bor), \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 (bor\u00e7\u0131) ile ilgili \u00f6nemli kay\u0131tlara rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belgelerden tespit edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 Uygurlar aras\u0131nda kiralanabilmekte (JW-Li, 2.8; JW-Li, 2.9; SUK, RH, 11) ve al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilmektedir (JW-Li, 2.10; JW-Li, 2.11; JW-Li, 2.20; SUK, Sa, 5; SUK, Sa,10; Sa, 11). Ayr\u0131ca devletin \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleten \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden vergi toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir. \u0130lig Kadir Han\u2019\u0131n Murutluk Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarla ve \u00fcz\u00fcm vergisinden muaf tutulmas\u0131yla ilgili g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yarl\u0131k metnine g\u00f6re (JW-Li, 4.14; USp.88) tap\u0131na\u011fa ait \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131ndan vergi al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, Turfan Uygur Devleti d\u00f6neminde, \u00f6zel muafiyete sahip gruplar hari\u00e7, toplumun di\u011fer kesiminden olan kimselerin \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 vergisini \u00f6demekle m\u00fckellef oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Bununla birlikte Uygurca s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131rken borla tamgas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir \u00e7e\u015fit verginin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir(\u00d6zyetgin, 2004: 71).<\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131 devletin \u00f6nemli gelir kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fundan, devlet \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ekimini d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 uygulamalar \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan biri de borluk a\u014b\u0131z olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve bo\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131larak ekilmeyen ba\u011flardan al\u0131nan vergidir (\u00d6zyetgin, 2004:70). Temel amac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri \u00fcz\u00fcm ekimine te\u015fvik etmek olan, ekilmeyen ba\u011flara y\u00f6nelik cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu uygulama, \u00fcz\u00fcm tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n olarak yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcz\u00fcm ve \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler ilk ba\u015fta besin maddesi olarak t\u00fcketilmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, \u00fcst tabakadan olan aristokratlar\u0131n severek i\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7ecekler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n Uygur k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde misafirlere ikram edilen i\u00e7ecek oldu\u011fu da anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Uygurlar\u0131n iktisadi ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015f, bundan dolay\u0131 toplumda \u00f6zellikle \u00fcz\u00fcmc\u00fcl\u00fck ve \u015farap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ile ilgili meslek gruplar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fcm hem kendisi yenilebildi\u011fi hem de insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na faydal\u0131 bile\u015fenler i\u00e7erdi\u011finden, \u00fcz\u00fcm ve \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler Uygurlar\u0131n geleneksel t\u0131bb\u0131nda tedavi amac\u0131yla di\u011fer bitkisel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarla birlikte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygur d\u00f6neminde bor olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n devlete kar\u015f\u0131 vergi m\u00fckellefiyeti olan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin vergilerini \u00f6demek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ayn\u00ee ara\u00e7lardan biri oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada 9-14. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yani \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n sosyal ve iktisadi ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki konumu belirlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgelerinde yer alan Turfan Uygurlar\u0131ndaki ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ile ilgili t\u00fcm s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenerek konunun kapsam\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ortaya konulacakt\u0131r. Konuya ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fin Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131ndaki tarih\u00e7esine de\u011finmek faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1. Eski ve Orta \u00c7a\u011flarda Ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00dcz\u00fcm Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eski olan ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Uygurlarda tam olarak ne zaman ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmese de \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda bah\u00e7e meyveleri olarak yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcz\u00fcm ile ondan \u00fcretilen \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bilgiler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Milattan sonraki ilk y\u0131llardan itibaren \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan \u2018Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgeleri\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesinde \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Bu konuda \u00c7ince tarih eseri Shiji\u2019de, Si-ma Qian \u201cFergana civarlar\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcmden, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, zenginler on binlerce \u015f\u0131g (k\u00fcp) \u015farap saklarlar; (bu \u015faraplar\u0131n) eskileri on y\u0131llara kadar bozulmaz\u201d demektedir(SJ, 1975: 3173). Sonraki d\u00f6nemlere ait \u00c7ince tarih kay\u0131tlarda da Turfan\u2019\u0131n iklimi ve yeti\u015ftirilen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hakk\u0131nda verilen bilgilere rastlan\u0131l\u0131r. Beishi\u2019nin Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgeleri k\u0131sm\u0131nda Turfan\u2019\u0131n iklimin s\u0131cak, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n verimli oldu\u011fu, arpadan y\u0131lda iki kere mahsul al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\nTurfan\u2019da ipek b\u00f6ce\u011fi, be\u015f \u00e7e\u015fit meyve ve \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011funa dair bilgiler not edilmi\u015ftir(BS, 1974: 3212). Bununla birlikte Kara\u015fehir Devleti\u2019nde de \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 \u00fcretildi\u011fine dair bilgiler de yer almaktad\u0131r (BS, 1974: 3212, 3216). K\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler ve \u00d6t\u00fcken Uygur Devleti d\u00f6nemine denk gelen \u00c7in\u2019in Sui S\u00fclalesi zaman\u0131na ait y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Suishu\u2019da da Bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 ile ilgili bilgiler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Y\u0131ll\u0131kta verilen bilgilere g\u00f6re Kang-guo (Toharistan) Devleti\u2019nde \u00e7ok miktarda \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 bulunur. Zenginler binlerce k\u00fcp \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 saklarlar. Saklanan \u015farap y\u0131llarca hi\u00e7 bozulmadan muhafaza edilmektedir (BSh, 1973: 1849).<\/p>\n

Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de Turfan ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair \u00c7ince ve Arap\u00e7a kay\u0131tlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Uygurca belgeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131lardan olan Gerdizi, Tu\u011fuz-Guz (Uygurlar)la ilgili \u201cS\u00f6ylendi\u011fine g\u00f6re, To\u011fuz-Guz Hakan\u0131n\u0131n 1000 gul\u00e2m\u0131 (hizmet\u00e7i adam\u0131), 400 cariyesi vard\u0131r. Bu 1000 adama seneden seneye bir g\u00fcn hakan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 defa yemek yerler. Sofradan yanlar\u0131nda istedikleri kadar yemek g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Yemek yedikten sonra \u00fc\u00e7 defa da i\u00e7ki i\u00e7erler. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7kisi \u00fcz\u00fcmdendir\u201d demektedir (\u015ee\u015fen, 1985:79). Bunun yan\u0131nda XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131ndan olan Yuanshi\u2019da \u201cKo\u00e7o \u0130dikut\u2019u Timur Buka \u015farap g\u00f6nderdi\u201d kayd\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir (YSa, 1974: 644). Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminde Uygur \u00fclkesinden ge\u00e7erek Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etmeye giden rahip Changchun, Turfan\u2019a geldi\u011finde, Uygurlar onu kar\u015f\u0131lamaya gelmi\u015f ve ona \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, meyve, ekmek ve so\u011fan
\nikram etmi\u015ftir (Li Zhichang, 2000: 49). Turfan ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerde \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de devam etmi\u015ftir. Ming S\u00fclalesi (1368- 1644) d\u00f6neminde, Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgelerinde yer alan bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerini ziyaret eden \u00c7inli memur Chen Cheng (2000: 106, 111), Uygurlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden ge\u00e7erken Turfan ve L\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcnde \u00e7ok fazla \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fini not etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131nda milattan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde ba\u015flayan \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde devam etmektedir. Turfan ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgeler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn en \u00e7ok yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 edildi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerden biri say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2. \u00dcz\u00fcm Tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019e Yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Turfan ve \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelerde yayg\u0131n olarak yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcz\u00fcm, Yuan (Mo\u011fol) S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminden itibaren \u00c7in\u2019de de yeti\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019e \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirme tekni\u011finin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda Uygurlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Zengin tar\u0131m bilgisine sahip olan Uygurlar, Kubilay Han d\u00f6neminden itibaren \u00c7in\u2019in i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lgelerde pamuk ve \u00fcz\u00fcm gibi tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019in Tai-yuan, Ping-yang gibi b\u00f6lgeleri, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi ana merkezlerden biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015fti (Shang ve Gui, 1996: 218). Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Uygurlardan Jia-lu-na-da-s\u0131\u2019\u0131n (Karunadaz?) o\u011flu olan Lu Mingshan, Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019in farkl\u0131 eyaletlerine daru\u011fa olarak tayin edilmi\u015ftir. Ziraat m\u00fchendisi olarak da bilinen Lu Mingshan, g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yeti\u015ftirilmesi, ev hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretim oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesiyle ilgili olarak 1314 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7ince Nongsang Yishi Cuoyao (Tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u0130pek\u00e7ili\u011fin Esaslar\u0131) adl\u0131 bir eser kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O, eserinde \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirme tekni\u011fiyle ilgili olarak \u201cK\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcm bitkisinin yan dallar\u0131 kopart\u0131larak \u00fc\u00e7 chi1 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131 ve g\u00fcbrelenerek g\u00f6m\u00fclmeli. Baharda a\u011fa\u00e7lar ye\u015fermeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca g\u00f6m\u00fclen yerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131 ve ye\u015ferme durumuna bak\u0131lmal\u0131. Toprak alt\u0131nda iki chi, toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde ise 3-5 chi uzunlukta b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131. Dallar uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u00fcz\u00fcm pagonlar\u0131 raflara yerle\u015ftirilmeli. \u00dcz\u00fcm bitkisinin k\u00f6k k\u0131sm\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak domuz g\u00fcbresi ve so\u011fuk su ile sulanmal\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra ise temiz su ile sulanmal\u0131. Kurak havalarda ise \u00fcz\u00fcm bitkisinin k\u00f6k k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki topraklar yava\u015f\u00e7a kaz\u0131lmal\u0131 ve sulanmal\u0131. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise otlarla \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcnerek, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn k\u00f6k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u015f\u00fctmesi \u00f6nlenmeli. 2. ve 3. aylar ise \u00fcz\u00fcm bitkisinin vejetatif \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur\u201d demektedir (Shang, 2012: 79). Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminde h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n severek i\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7eceklerden olan \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, Turfan ve Tibet b\u00f6lgelerinden vergi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u00ee \u00f6deme olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yuan S\u00fclalesi y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Yuan-shi\u2019da da \u015farap vergisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan vergi t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Turfan\u2019da \u00fcretilen \u00fcz\u00fcm zaman zaman y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya yetmemi\u015f ve bundan dolay\u0131 devlet, \u00c7in\u2019de baz\u0131 ailelerinin \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirmesini ve vergilerini \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131yla \u00f6demesini emretmi\u015ftir. Yuanshi\u2019da kaydedildi\u011fine g\u00f6re sadece \u015farap \u00fcretimiyle ilgilenen aileler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cdamat Ai-bu-hua (Ay Buka?) emre g\u00f6re \u00fcz\u00fcmc\u00fc ailelerden vergi toplad\u0131\u201d(YSc, 1974: 95).<\/p>\n

3. Eski Uygurlarda \u00dcz\u00fcm ve Ba\u011f K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile \u0130lgili S\u00f6zvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ncelemesi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1. \u00dcz\u00fcm<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Turfan Uygurlar\u0131na ait sivil belgelerde \u00fcz\u00fcm, \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, bah\u00e7\u0131vanla ilgili birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 terim ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu terimlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin hemen hemen hepsinde ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00fcz\u00fcm kelimesi gelmektedir. Genel T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede de \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en kelimenin \u00fcz- \u201ckoparmak, yolmak\u201d fiilinden geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir (ED, 279b; TMEN II, 473). Uygur sivil belgelerinde bor, borluk
\nkelimelerine s\u0131k rastlan\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00fcz\u00fcm kelimesine sadece tek bir \u00f6rnekte as\u0121u \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015feklinde rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (JW-Li 4.14; USp. 88, 45-6). Uygur t\u0131p metinlerinde \u00fcz\u00fcm ve \u00fcz\u00fcmden \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hastal\u0131klar\u0131 tedavi etmek amac\u0131yla ila\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Uygur t\u0131p metinlerinde \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan y\u00fcr\u00fcng \u00fcz\u00fcm\u2019e \u201cbeyaz \u00fcz\u00fcm\u201d (HI, 13) de\u011finilmektedir. Uygurca belgelerden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fcz\u00fcm, Uygurlarda kurutularak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belgelerde y\u00fcr\u00fcng kuru\u0121 \u00fcz\u00fcm \u201cbeyaz kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm\u201d (HI, 30, 135), kuru\u0121 \u00fcz\u00fcm \u201c\u00fcz\u00fcm \u00fcz\u00fcm\u201d (HI, 19, 118; Yang &Niu, 1.14) gibi \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle yara, \u00e7\u0131ban ve y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, kan kusmas\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavi edildi\u011fi ve hediye \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. \u0130slami d\u00f6neme ait eserlerden
\nK\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Divan\u2019\u0131nda da \u00fcz\u00fcm ve \u00fcz\u00fcmle ile ilgili bilgiler ge\u00e7mektedir. K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eserinde \u00fcz\u00fcm \u201c\u00fcz\u00fcm\u201d (DLT I, 75) kelimesinin yan\u0131nda \u201c\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7ardaktan sarkmas\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda \u2018\u00fcz\u00fcm salnguland\u0131\u2019 (DLT III, 410) ifadesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn olgunla\u015f\u0131p yenilecek duruma gelene kadarki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dair de bilgilere yer verilmi\u015ftir. DLT\u2019teki bilgilere g\u00f6re hen\u00fcz yenmeyecek durumda olan \u00fcz\u00fcm \u2018tarka\u2019 veya \u2018talka\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcz\u00fcm\u00fcn k\u0131zar\u0131p renklenmesi i\u00e7in \u2018alarmas\u0131\u2019 ifadesinin ve art\u0131k iyice olgunla\u015f\u0131p yenecek h\u00e2le gelmesinin ise \u2018tat\u0131glanmas\u2019 ifadesinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Gen\u00e7, 1997: 330).<\/p>\n

3.2. Bor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fcmden yap\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin adland\u0131rmas\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan bor2 kelimesi gelmektedir. Kelimenin, Orta Fars\u00e7ada \u201c\u015farap\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan b\u014dr kelimesinden geldi\u011fi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bilinmektedir (TMEN II, 780; ED, 354a). \u015earap anlam\u0131ndaki bor kelimesi \u0130slami d\u00f6neme ait eserlerinden DLT\u2019de de (DLT III, 121) ve KB\u2019de (Arat, 1979: 103) ge\u00e7mektedir. Kelimenin \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinden Sar\u0131 Uygurcada por \u201c\u015farap\u201d (Malov, 1957: 94) \u015feklinde ge\u00e7ti\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uygurca belgelerde yayg\u0131n bir kullan\u0131ma sahip olan bor ilk ba\u015fta besin maddesi olarak t\u00fcketilmektedir(JW-Li, 4.6; TugDok, Pa 38). Bunun yan\u0131nda bor Uygurlarda fertlerin aralar\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 ald\u0131klar\u0131 (JW-Li, 3.18) \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden biri olarak ve vergi \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (JW-Li, 4.3). Uygurca belgelerden tespit edildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, Uygurlar \u00fcz\u00fcmden farkl\u0131 kalitede \u015faraplar \u00fcretmi\u015flerdi. Belgelerde \u00e4dg\u00fc bor, k\u00fc\u00e7i bor, kat\u0131k bor, yawlak bor gibi ifadelerin ge\u00e7mesi de Uygurlar\u0131n \u015farap \u00fcretiminin geli\u015fti\u011fine ve farkl\u0131 kalitede \u015faraplar\u0131n bulundu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

(3) tu\u015f\u0121uqa \u00fcnt\u00fcrg\u00fc bor-t\u0131n qayzada\u00a0 (4) a\u00e7ar\u0131 [-ning] yigirmi badman \u00e4dg\u00fc bor (5)amt\u0131 on bir-z\u00fcn asan at\u015fa\u0121 olar-(6)qa on bolzun. \u201cTu\u015f\u011fu\u2019ya verecek \u015farap i\u00e7in, Qayzada A\u00e7ari\u2019de olan yirmi badman iyi \u015farab\u0131 versin. Asan At\u015fa\u011f on tanesini iptal etsin\u201d ( JW-Li, 4. 18-4).<\/p>\n

(5) yang\u0131 bulata-n\u0131ng bir k\u00fcp k\u00fc\u00e7i bor sat\u0131p \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz toquz (6)on quanbu bolt\u0131. \u201cYangi Bulat\u2019\u0131n satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00fcp sert \u015farab\u0131n [fiyat\u0131]390 kuanbu oldu\u201d(JW-Li, 5. 7-5).<\/p>\n

(6) kutlu\u0121 sangun-qa bir k\u00fcp [\u1e33a] t\u0131\u1e33 bor \u1e33 [o] \u015fup birti. \u201cKutluk Sanggun\u2019a bir k\u00fcp sert \u015farap ekleyip versin\u201d (JW-Li, 5. 11-6).<\/p>\n

(9) birmi\u015f-k\u00e4 \u00e4wtin iltmi\u015f taw [ar](?) \u00f6t\u00fcgi iki qab yawlaq (10) bor yana \u2026\u201c[Bilmi\u015f i\u00e7in evden alm\u0131\u015f mal-m\u00fclk\u00fcn hesab\u0131 iki kap g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc (k\u00f6t\u00fc, ac\u0131) \u015farap yine\u2026\u201d (JW-Li, 5.11-9).<\/p>\n

3.3. Bor\u00e7\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bor\u00e7\u0131 kelimesinin \u015farap anlam\u0131na gelen bor kelimesinden t\u00fcredi\u011fi ve \u201c\u015farap t\u00fcccar\u0131; \u015farap yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131\u201danlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi kaydedilmi\u015ftir (ED, 357a). Uygurlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcmden \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcr\u00fcnler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinse de \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn en \u00e7ok da \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 toplumunda \u00e7e\u015fitli kalitedeki \u015faraplar\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ilgilenen kimseler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7en koyn y\u0131l bir yegirmin\u00e7 ay bir otuzka bor\u00e7\u0131 salgarka bor tar\u0131\u0121al\u0131 bal\u0131q-ta m\u00fcng\u00fc bir at ula\u0121 ba\u00e7a\u0121(-a) ta\u0121 y\u00fczint\u00e4 bolm\u0131\u015f ta\u0121 b\u00e9rip bir yar\u0131mbak\u0131r k\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f qub\u00e7\u0131r-\u0131nga tutz-un (USp, 53d; TugDok, Pa 36d) \u201cKoyun y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n on birinci ay\u0131n\u0131n yirmi birinde \u015farap\u00e7\u0131 Salgar\u2019 a \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 yapmaya[geldi] \u015fehirde binek hayvan\u0131 ba\u00e7a\u0121(-a) ta\u0121 y\u00fczint\u00e4 Bolm\u0131\u015f\u2019tan verecek bir yar\u0131m bak\u0131r g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kop\u00e7\u0131r vergisine tutsun\u201d ifadesinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Uygurlarda, \u015farap \u00fcreticileri baz\u0131 \u00f6zel muamelelere t\u00e2bi tutulmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Uygurca belgelerde ge\u00e7en bor s\u0131qtur\u011fal\u0131 kelg\u00fc\u00e7i qorla el\u00e7i, qara el\u00e7i, so\u011fdu el\u00e7i (USp, 53c; TugDok, Pa 36c; JW-Li, 4.10c) \u201c\u015farap yapmak i\u00e7in gelen Qorla el\u00e7i, Qara El\u00e7i, So\u011fdu El\u00e7i\u201d gibi ifadeler Uygur toplumunda \u015farap yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen \u00f6zel meslek grubu bor\u00e7\u0131lara i\u015faret etmektedir. \u0130slami d\u00f6neme ait eserlerden KB\u2019de de tespit edilen bor\u00e7\u0131 kelimesinin \u201ci\u00e7ki i\u00e7en, i\u00e7kiye d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Arat, 1979: 103).<\/p>\n

3.4. Borluk<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurlarda \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirilen ba\u011flar borluk olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Borluk kelimesi, b\u014dr kelimesine isim yap\u0131m eki olan +l\u0131k\u2019\u0131n eklenmesiyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ED, 365b). Turfan Uygurlar\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n bir yan kolu olarak geli\u015fen ba\u011f \u00fcr\u00fcnleri aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok da \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Sivil Uygur belgeleri i\u00e7inde borluk\u2019lar\u0131n al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131 ve
\nkiralanmas\u0131yla ilgili belgeler mevcuttur. \u00dcz\u00fcm bah\u00e7elerinin, o d\u00f6nemlerde de \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi hem evin yan\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bah\u00e7elerde ailenin bireysel ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi, hem de geni\u015f arazilerde gelir elde etmek amac\u0131yla yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. \u00d6yle ki Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7en taysang\u2019taki borluk (USp, 12; JW-Li, 2.17; SUK, Mi17) \u201cTaysang\u2019daki \u00fcz\u00fcm bah\u00e7esi\u201d ve taysang-taki on alt\u0131 er k\u00f6mer borluk (JW-Li, 2.20) \u201ctaysang\u2019daki on alt\u0131 ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi \u00fcz\u00fcm bah\u00e7esi\u201dgibi ifadeleri, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde Turfan\u2019da Taysang ad\u0131na bir \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

Uygur belgelerinde tarlalar\u0131n kiralanmas\u0131 ve al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili bir\u00e7ok metin ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen, tarlalar\u0131n y\u00fczey \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimleri \u00e7ok fazla de\u011fildir. Belgelerde ge\u00e7en \u00c7ince k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u015f\u0131g kelimesi ve Toharcadan geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00fcri kelimesi, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda arazi ve yer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi olarak da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (\u00d6zyetgin, 2005: 142). \u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili iki belgede \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemek amac\u0131yla on alt\u0131 \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borluk, alt\u0131 \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borluk, \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borluk ifadelerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

(3) s\u00fck\u00fc \u00f6g\u00e4n \u00fcz-\u00e4 suyak-l\u0131k sury-a birl\u00e4 \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f-l\u00fcg (4) m(a)\u014ba t\u00e4g\u00e4r alt\u0131 \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borlukumn\u0131 soldan bay-ka to\u011f(u)ru toml\u0131tu (5) satt\u0131m.\u201cS\u00fck\u00fc nehri yan\u0131ndaki Suyakl\u0131k Surya ile payla\u015f\u0131lan bana ait alt\u0131 ki\u015finin ekebilece\u011fi (kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki) \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131m\u0131 Soldan Buka\u2019ya dosdo\u011fru satt\u0131m.\u201d (JW-Li,2.11; SUK, Sa-10).<\/p>\n

(5) manga t\u00e4gir \u00fc\u00e7 (6) \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borluk-n\u0131 tur\u0131-ka m\u00e4ning birim-(7)l\u00e4rim-ni s\u00e4n s\u00e4n al\u0131p kal\u0131r-mu s\u00e4n tis(\u00e4)r:m\u00e4n\u201cbana ait \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015finin ekebilece\u011fi kadar \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Tur\u0131-ya benim vereceklerimi sen vererek (\u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131m\u0131) al\u0131r m\u0131s\u0131n?\u201d (JW-Li, 2.18).<\/p>\n

(3)atam-ni\u014b ma\u014ba \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f-t\u00e4 t\u00e4gg\u00e4n taysa\u014b-tak\u0131 (4) on alt\u0131 \u00e4r k\u00f6m\u00e4r borluk\u2026.\u201cbabamdan bana pay olarak kalan Taysang-daki on alt\u0131 ki\u015finin g\u00f6mebilece\u011fi borluk\u2026.\u201d (JW-Li, 2.20).<\/p>\n

3.5. Borluk\u00e7\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Borluk\u00e7\u0131 kelimesinin k\u00f6keni olan bor Orta Fars\u00e7adaki \u201c\u015farap\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan b\u014dr kelimesinden geldi\u011fi ve (ED, 354a) +lUk ve + \u00c7I isimden isim yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n eklenmesiyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu bilinmektedir (OTWF, 1991: 112).<\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletimi, \u00f6zel beceri ve emek gerektiren bir i\u015ftir. Bundan dolay\u0131 Uygurlarda bu i\u015fi profesyonel olarak yapan borluk\u00e7\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgeleri incelendi\u011finde borluk\u00e7\u0131larla ilgili yedi farkl\u0131 kay\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan Bolm\u0131\u015f adl\u0131 ki\u015finin \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ki\u015fiden g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bor\u00e7 almas\u0131yla ilgili \u00fc\u00e7 belgede (USp18; USp,47; SUK, Lo07; SUK, Mi06; JW-Li, 3.1;JW-Li, 3.2; JW-Li, 3.3) \u015fahitlerden birinin ad\u0131 borluk\u00e7\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7er.
\nDi\u011fer belgeler (JW-Li, 4.4; JW-Li, 4.13; JW-Li, 4.15) ise borluk\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vergiden muaf tutulmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. \u00d6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, borluk\u00e7\u0131lar toplumda \u00f6zel baz\u0131 \u00f6zel imtiyazlara sahip olmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Uygur sivil belgelerinde (JW-Li, 4.4) inc\u00fc borluk\u00e7\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ait \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletiminden sorumlu kimselerden s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Kalyanamkara Papamkara metninde kan borluk\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u201cHan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleten ba\u011fc\u0131\u201d (\u0130KP, 72, 5); borluk\u00e7\u0131 \u00e4r \u2018\u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleten erkek\u2019 (\u0130KP, 74, 7; 79, 2) \u015feklinde ifadeler ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

3.6. S\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurca belgelerde \u201c\u015farap, tatl\u0131 \u015farap, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kelimelerden biri de s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg\u2019d\u00fcr. Clauson s\u00fc\u00e7i-\u201ctatlanmak, g\u00fczelle\u015fmek\u201d fiilinden t\u00fcremi\u015f olan bu ismin \u201ctatl\u0131, tatl\u0131 bir madde, \u015farap\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini kaydeder (ED, 796b). Erdal ise s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u00fct \u201cs\u00fct\u201d ad\u0131ndan benzerlik kuran +sI- eki ile t\u00fcredi\u011fini *s\u00fct+sI- ve buradan da \u201ctatl\u0131 \u015farap\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki s\u00fc\u00e7ig ad\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcredi\u011fini kabul eder (OTWF, 1991: 534). \u0130slami d\u00f6neme ait Divan\u00fc L\u00fcgati\u2019t-T\u00fcrk\u2019te s\u00fc\u00e7ig kelimesine \u201ctatl\u0131, lezzetli\u201d anlam\u0131 verilmi\u015fken, k\u0131z\u0131l s\u00fc\u00e7ig kelimesine \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u015farap\u201d (DLTI, 408) a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. KB\u2019de ise s\u00fc\u00e7ig \u201ctatl\u0131; i\u00e7ilecek \u015fey, \u015furup\u201d (Arat, 1979: 411).<\/p>\n

Uygur sivil belgelerinde \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nan bor3, tar\u0131g4, b\u00f6z5 gibi \u015feylerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6demelerin s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunun yan\u0131nda bir belgede (JW-Li, 2.9; SUK, Mi21-6) de \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (borluk) kira bedeli \u2018altm\u0131\u015f t\u00e4mbin s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg\u2019 olarak \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sahibine \u00f6denmektedir.<\/p>\n

4. \u00dcz\u00fcm ve \u00dcz\u00fcmden Elde Edilen \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uygur sivil belgeleri incelendi\u011finde \u00fcz\u00fcm, Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok yeti\u015ftirdikleri tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. Uygurlarda \u00fcz\u00fcm ve \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u015farap, sirke, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm suyu gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler besin maddesi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Etli ve hamurlu g\u0131da maddelerinin yan\u0131nda ek besin maddesi olarak t\u00fcketilen \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00f6ncelikle \u00e7e\u015fitli tabakadan olan halk\u0131n besin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bezeklik duvar resimlerinde de Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n
\nBuda\u2019ya tepsilerde \u00fcz\u00fcm sundu\u011fu resmedilmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00dcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, baz\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarla beraber t\u00fcketildi\u011fine \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klar\u0131 da tedavi etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin iktisadi gelirinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, Turfan Uygur Devleti d\u00f6neminde ve Mo\u011fol-Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminde vergi \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4.1. \u00dcz\u00fcm ve \u00dcz\u00fcmden Elde Edilen \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin Tedavi Ama\u00e7l\u0131 Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uygurlar, \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn ve \u00fcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na olan faydalar\u0131n\u0131 erken zamanlarda ke\u015ffetmi\u015f ve \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcm sirkesi, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm ve kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm suyu gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri di\u011fer bitkisel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarla beraber \u00e7e\u015fitlik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan v\u00fccutta g\u00f6r\u00fclen yara, \u00e7\u0131ban, ate\u015f y\u00fckselmesi, mide ek\u015fimesi ve haz\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kan kusma, kar\u0131n a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, deri hastal\u0131klar\u0131, di\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, kan durmama hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131, solunum yetmezli\u011fi gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisine ek olarak kar\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f yavrular\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(17). qo\u011fursaqt\u0131n \u00f6nmi\u015f qart-qa yiil lisip k\u00fc\u00e7intin \u00f6nmi\u015f (18) qart-qa sar\u0131\u011f-t\u0131n \u00f6nm\u0131\u015f qart-qa i\u00e7g\u00fc k\u00e4s\u00e4r-l\u00e4rin s\u00f6zlelim. (19)sultan\u0131 y\u0131lt\u0131z\u0131 k\u00fcn\u00e7i quru\u011f \u00fcz\u00fcm k\u00e4yik (20) y\u0131lt\u0131z\u0131 qusal\u0131ng bu otlarn\u0131 qay\u0131nturup i\u00e7s\u00e4r \u00e4dg\u00fc bolur. \u201ckursa\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131ban, yel, balgam g\u00fcc\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131bana i\u00e7ecekleri s\u00f6yleyelim. Sultan\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131z, abrus precatorius kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm geyik (20) k\u00f6k, cardamon bu otlar\u0131 kaynat\u0131p i\u00e7erse iyi olur\u201d. (H II, 17-29).<\/p>\n

(116) isig-lig \u00e4rs\u00e4r k\u00fcr\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fc\u00e7 (117) baq\u0131r qay\u0131nturup suv\u0131nga bi\u015f baq\u0131r mir qad\u0131p birg\u00fcl. (118)yigd\u00e4 talqan\u0131 quru\u011f \u00fcz\u00fcm ikir\u00e4r baq\u0131r soqup nara suv\u0131nta i\u00e7g\u00fcl. \u201c(116) [ birinin] ate\u015fi \u00e7\u0131karsa \u00fc\u00e7 bak\u0131r[\u00f6l\u00e7ek] pirin\u00e7(117) ile suyuna be\u015f bak\u0131r[\u00f6l\u00e7ek] bal kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p veriniz. (118) \u00e7i\u011fde taklan\u0131, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm iki\u015fer bak\u0131r [\u00f6l\u00e7ek] sokarak, nar suyunda i\u00e7iniz. \u201d(H II, 116-119).<\/p>\n

(119) su quzsar, a\u015f\u0131 qod\u0131 inm\u00e4s\u00e4r, b\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f (120) singir iki baq\u0131r buda t\u00fcbi birl\u00e4 soqup \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f (121)suvta qay\u0131ndurup bir \u00fcl\u00fc\u015f suv al\u0131p bor birl\u00e4 i\u00e7g\u00fcl. \u201c(119) su kusarsa, pi\u015fmi\u015f (120) sinir iki bak\u0131r [\u00f6l\u00e7ek] meyan bitkisinin k\u00f6k\u00fc ile sokup \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm (121) su ile kaynat\u0131p bir hisse su ekleyip \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 ile i\u00e7.\u201d (H II, 119-121).<\/p>\n

(134) qan qusmaq-qa \u00e4m y\u00fcr\u00fcng quru\u011f \u00fcz\u00fcm (135) ing\u00e4k ya\u011f\u0131 \u00e4\u00e7k\u00fc s\u00fcdi bil\u00e4n qay\u0131nad\u0131p i\u00e7s\u00e4r s\u00f6n\u00e4r. \u201c kan kusmay\u0131 [\u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in] ila\u00e7, beyaz kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm (135) inek ya\u011f\u0131, ke\u00e7i s\u00fct\u00fc ile kaynat\u0131p i\u00e7erse durur. \u201d (H II, 134-135).<\/p>\n

(135) y\u00fcr\u00fcng k\u00e4z\u00e4k \u015f\u00e4k\u00e4r bil\u00e4n \u00e7\u00fcrni q\u0131l\u0131p bor suv-\u0131nda so\u011f\u0131d\u0131p i\u00e7s\u00e4r qan qusmaq s\u00f6n\u00e4r. \u201cbeyaz kesek \u015feker ile barut [u] kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n suyunda so\u011futarak i\u00e7erse kan kusmas\u0131 durur.\u201d (H II, 135- 137).<\/p>\n

(16) in\u00e4g\u00fc-k\u00e4 \u00e4m iki s\u00fcng\u00fck erk\u00e4\u00e7 edin bir bad\u0131r ayaq (17)bor bir bad\u0131r ayaq suv birl\u00e4 qay\u0131nturup suv\u0131 so\u011fulmu\u015f-ta i\u00e7s\u00e4r kid\u00e4r. \u201ckar\u0131n a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ila\u00e7, iki kemik, gen\u00e7 teke eti, bir bad\u0131r ayak \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, bir bad\u0131r ayak su ile kaynat\u0131p, su so\u011fudu\u011funda i\u00e7erse gider.\u201d (H I, 16-17).<\/p>\n

(52) yana k\u00e4k\u00e4lik-ning \u00f6din al\u0131p quridip bor-qa b\u00e4kili-k\u00e4 (53) qat\u0131p i\u00e7s\u00e4r an\u00e7m-a bor b\u00e4kini i\u00e7s\u00e4r es\u00fcrm\u00e4z bolur. \u201cyine kekli\u011fin \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131p kurutarak \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131na kat\u0131p i\u00e7erse bir daha i\u00e7ki i\u00e7erse sarho\u015f olmaz.\u201d (H I, 52-53).<\/p>\n

(67)Qayu ki\u015fi-ning kiri ar\u0131mad\u0131n yi\u00e7 aqsar, k\u00fcrk\u00fcm qonaq mini s\u0131par birl\u00e4 bor-qa (68)qad\u0131p i\u00e7\u00fcrs\u00e4r \u00e4dg\u00fc bolur. \u201changi ki\u015finin kiri temizlenmeden yi\u00e7 akarsa, safran, m\u0131s\u0131r unu, koku ile \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131na ekleyip i\u00e7erse iyi olur(iyile\u015fir).\u201d (H I, 67- 68).<\/p>\n

(70) ti\u015f-ni qurd yis\u00e4r bor s\u00e4rk\u00e4-sin a\u011f\u0131z-ta tudup birg\u00e4r-t\u00e4 (71) t\u00f6kg\u00fc ol \u00e4dg\u00fc bolur.\u201cdi\u015f \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcrse, \u00fcz\u00fc sirkesini a\u011fda tutup, \u00e7alkalay\u0131p d\u00f6k\u00fcnce, iyi olur (iyile\u015fir).\u201d (H I, 70-71).<\/p>\n

(97) ti\u015f a\u011fr\u0131\u011f \u00e4m\u2026(101) sar\u0131\u011f \u00e4r\u00fck uru\u011f\u0131 soqup bor sirk\u00e4-si birl\u00e4 a\u011f\u0131zta tudsar s\u00f6n\u00e4r. \u201c(97) di\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ila\u00e7\u2026(101) sar\u0131 erik \u00e7ekirde\u011fini \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcp, \u00fcz\u00fcm sirkesi ile a\u011fz\u0131nda tutsa [a\u011fr\u0131] gider.\u201d (H I, 97-101).<\/p>\n

(83) Qan \u00f6dk\u00e4k \u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcm quru\u011f \u00fcz\u00fcm suv\u0131 tangda sayu (84) i\u00e7\u00fcrs\u00e4 \u00e4dg\u00fc bolur. \u201ckan durmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm suyu [nu] her sabah i\u00e7erse, iyi olur (iyile\u015fir.)\u201d (H I, 83-84).<\/p>\n

(93) qayu ti\u015fi q\u0131rd\u0131 ki\u00e7irir boslar (94)qarl\u0131\u0121a\u00e7 etin yis\u00fcn. Yana k\u00fcrk\u00fcm q\u0131naq mini y\u0131par (95)bor birl\u00e4 i\u00e7z\u00fcn yara\u015fur. \u201c(93)hangi kad\u0131n q\u0131rd\u0131 ki\u00e7irir ? ise (94) k\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7 etini yesin. Gene safran, m\u0131s\u0131r unu, koku [yu] (95) \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 ile i\u00e7sin, iyi gelir.\u201d (H I, 93-95).<\/p>\n

(140) qar\u0131n-ta \u00f6lmi\u015f k\u00e4n\u00e7-k\u00e4 \u00e4m, it s\u00fct-i bor sirk\u00e4 bil\u00e4n (141) i\u00e7s\u00e4r t\u00fc\u015f\u00e4r.\u201c(140) kar\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f yavru i\u00e7in ila\u00e7, k\u00f6pek s\u00fct\u00fc [n\u00fc] \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 sirke[si] ile i\u00e7erse d\u00fc\u015fer.\u201d(H I, 140-141).<\/p>\n

(162) t\u0131n bos\u011faq-qa \u00e4m karba t\u00fcbin yum\u011faq-\u0131 iki baq\u0131r (163) b\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f singir iki baq\u0131r t\u00fcz \u00e7urn\u0131 q\u0131l\u0131p tang-ta sayu (164) bor surma birl\u00e4 i\u00e7\u00fcrs\u00e4r t\u0131n bos\u011faq \u00f6d\u00fcr.\u201csolunum yetmezli\u011fine ila\u00e7: karba t\u00fcbin yum\u011faq-\u0131 ?, iki baq\u0131r (163) pi\u015fmi\u015f sinir, iki baq\u0131r d\u00fczg\u00fcn barut yaparak, sabahlar\u0131 (164) \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 ile i\u00e7erse solunum yetmezli\u011fi ge\u00e7er.\u201d (H I, 162- 164).<\/p>\n

4.2. \u00dcz\u00fcm \u015earab\u0131n\u0131n (Bor) Vergi \u00d6deme Arac\u0131 Olarak Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurca belgeler incelendi\u011finde Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcmden genellikle \u015farap \u00fcrettikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6yle ki belgelerde \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 fertler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nan e\u015fyalar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7mektedir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 olan bor, ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda belli bir hizmet ve i\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda verilen m\u00fclk olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn Uygurlarda vergiye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak kullan\u0131lan bir t\u00fcr \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Turfan Uygur Devletinin Mo\u011follar\u0131n idaresi alt\u0131na girmesiyle birlikte, Turfan Uygur Devleti Kubilay\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 eyalet olarak y\u00f6netilmi\u015f ve Yuan-Mo\u011fol Saray\u0131na hara\u00e7lar g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Mo\u011fol-Yuan S\u00fclalesi y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Karako\u00e7o\u2019dan (Turfan) g\u00f6nderilen \u015faraplarla ilgili bilgi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re Tai-ding y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n (1324 y\u0131l\u0131nda) ikinci ay\u0131nda Ko\u00e7o
\n\u0130dikut\u2019u Tem\u00fcr Buka Yuan Saray\u0131na \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131 g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir (YSb, 1974: 644). \u00d6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki burada Tem\u00fcr Buka taraf\u0131ndan Yuan Saray\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen \u015farap bir hara\u00e7 (vergi) \u00f6demek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

b\u00e4g-lig bir k\u00fcp bor t\u00e4gm\u00e4y\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn (.)\/\/\/ (.)l\u0131q-\u0131 PYL \/\/\/ y\u00fcz (7) iki ba\u011f-l\u0131q b\u00f6z \/\/\/ (.)(\u2026.)-q\u0131 PY (..) birg\u00fc (?) \u201cfare y\u0131l, 11.ay\u0131n 6. G\u00fcn\u00fcnde, biz Tolu\u2019Kya, M\u0131s\u0131r, Ulu\u011f, \u0130n\u00e7 Kya, M\u0131s\u0131r \u2018a Onluklar\u2019a on b\u00f6z gerekli olup, Qalan vergisini \u00f6deyen ki\u015fi\u2026 (6) bey\u2019e verecek bir k\u00fcp \u015farap ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2026\u201d (SUK, Sa09-6; TugDok, II p04-6; USp, 65-6).
\n(38) borluk-\u0131nga (39)kap, birt b\u00f6z, yir-l\u00e4r-ing\u00e4 tintsuy-lar-\u0131n (40)tsang\u00e7\u0131, a\u011f\u0131\u00e7\u0131-lar almazun: \u00e4\u015fil\u00fc ulu\u0121 birim:(41)kuanbu s\u0131 k\u00fcn\u00e7it k\u00e4b\u00e4z, bor \u00e7obra ba\u015flap irt (42) birt almad\u0131n: i\u015fk\u00fc\u00e7 i\u015fl\u00e4tm\u00e4z\u00fcn. \u201c(38)Borlu\u011funa (39) kap, birt, b\u00f6z, yerlerini (40) haznedarlar almas\u0131n: \u00e4\u015fil\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck birim:(41)kuanbusu, susam, pamuk, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u015farab\u0131, y\u00fcn ba\u015flap irt (42) birt vergisi almas\u0131n.\u201d (JW-Li, 4.14, USp, 88).<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00fcz\u00fcm yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131msal ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131nda milattan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcz\u00fcm, Mo\u011fol-Yuan S\u00fclalesi d\u00f6neminden sonra \u00c7in\u2019de de yeti\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de \u00fcz\u00fcm tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda ise Mo\u011follar d\u00f6neminde \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Uygurlar etkin rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Turfan Uygur Devleti d\u00f6neminde Uygular\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcmden, bor, s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg, bor sirke, gibi farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00dcz\u00fcmden elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, Turfan Uygurlarda besin maddesi olarak kullan\u0131lman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, tedavi amac\u0131yla ve vergi \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da yeti\u015ftirilen \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcn 50\u2019den fazla \u00e7e\u015fidi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda yer alan Turfan b\u00f6lgesi, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda en \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00fcretilen merkezlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fcz\u00fcm Turfan\u2019da b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klamalar<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 \u00c7in\u2019de kullan\u0131lan eski bir uzunluk \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimidir: 1 chi, 31.1 santimetreye e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n

2 S\u00f6zc\u00fck \u015fu belgelerde tespit edilmektedir: JW-Li, 2 (18)-11; JW-Li, 3(18)- 2, 3; JW-Li, 4(1,6,10(d),14,18), 5(6, 7, 9, 10, 11); SUK, Sa09-6; SUK, Lo30-2,3;SUK, Mi19-11; TugDok, 3a- 28, 2- 3; USp, 32, 11; USp, 1, 2-3.<\/p>\n

3\u00d6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nan borcun s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg ile \u00f6denmesiyle ilgili \u015fu belgeye bk. JW-Li, 3.18; SUK, Lo30-5.
\n4\u00d6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nan tar\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg ile \u00f6denmesiyle ilgili \u015fu belgeye bk. SUK, Lo23-7.
\n5\u00d6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nan b\u00f6z\u00fcn s\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcg ile \u00f6denmesiyle ilgili \u015fu belgeye bk. SUK, Lo14; USp 10; TugDok, 3a-19.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

K\u0131saltmalar<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00c7in Y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\nYuanshi-Taidingdi Ji (1). 29. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doktora \u00d6\u011frencisi. Buheliqi WE\u0130L\u0130 Prof. Dr. A. Melek \u00d6ZYETG\u0130N \u00d6zet Turfan Uygurlar\u0131na ait Uygur sivil (dind\u0131\u015f\u0131) belgeleri (9-14. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) Uygurlar\u0131n siyasi, iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131yla ilgili \u00f6nemli bilgiler i\u00e7ermektedir. Budist Uygurlar\u0131n tarihini, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi \u015fekilde yans\u0131tan bu belgeler, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemin sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, iktisadi ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, c\u00fcmleden Tar\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4132"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4134,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132\/revisions\/4134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}