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Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r. Fatma Ecem CEYLAN1<\/strong><\/p>\n Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7in tarihinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan Uygurlar, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda Hunlar\u2019\u0131n nesilleri olarak kabul edilir.2 Tang d\u00f6neminden itibaren \u00c7in ile daima m\u00fcnasebette olan Uygurlar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc uluslardan birisidir. Bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda gerek tarihi gerek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile neredeyse her alanda ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Uygurlar \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk medeniyetinin en \u00f6nemli par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biri olan Uygurlar\u2019\u0131n tarihinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00c7in tarihinde Uygurlar ve \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda \u201cheqin politikas\u0131\u201d3<\/em> alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok evlilik bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu evlilikler Qing d\u00f6nemine kadar genellikle \u00c7in saray\u0131ndan gelen prensesler ile Uygur ka\u011fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Bu prenseslere \u00f6rnek olarak; Tang \u0130mparatoru Suzong\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 Prenses Ningguo ( \u5b81\u56fd\u516c\u4e3b ), Tang \u0130mparatoru Xianzong\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 Prenses Taihe ( \u592a\u548c\u516c\u4e3b ) ve Tang \u0130mparatoru Dezong\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 Prenses Xian\u2019an\u2019\u0131 ( \u54b8\u5b89\u516c\u4e3b ) verebiliriz.4 Qing d\u00f6neminde ise \u201cheqin politikas\u0131\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmayan ama Uygur bir k\u0131z\u0131n \u00c7in saray\u0131na giri\u015f hik\u00e2yesine yer verilmektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, say\u0131n Prof. Dr. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun \u201cDil\u015fad Hatun\u201d<\/em> adl\u0131 makalesinde yer verdi\u011fi Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un (\u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n) hayat\u0131na yeni kaynaklar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130parhan (Xiang Fei) Efsanesi Hakk\u0131nda<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7in ve Uygur tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yer te\u015fkil eden \u0130parhan ( \u4f0a\u5e15\u5c14\u7f55 ), g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Dil\u015fad Hatun, Xiangfei ( \u9999\u5983 ) ve Rongfei ( \u5bb9\u5983 ) ad\u0131yla da bilinmektedir. Tarihi kay\u0131tlardan elde etti\u011fimiz verilere g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan, \u00fcnl\u00fc Sufi Piri Ahmet Kazani\u2019nin (Makhd\u016bmiAzam)5 torunu Afak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n6 soyundan gelmektedir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 Ali Hoca ( \u963f\u91cc\u548c\u5353 ), abisinin ad\u0131 Tuerdu (\u56fe\u5c14\u90fd )\u2019dur.7 Baz\u0131 kaynaklarda Hoca Cihan ile evli oldu\u011fu bilgisine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ad\u0131na oyunlar, hik\u00e2yeler, \u015fark\u0131lar, \u015fiirler yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130parhan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00c7in ve Uygur tarihinin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teninin kokusu ile dillere destan olan bu g\u00fczel kad\u0131n, \u00c7in tarihinde bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n, Uygur tarihinde ise kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sembol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya \u00e7evresinde \u201c\u0130parhan\u201d<\/em> \u00fczerine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u201c\u0130parhan ve Qianlong\u201d8<\/em> efsanesi temel al\u0131narak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle \u0130parhan, baz\u0131 kaynaklarda \u0130mparator taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nan, memleketinden ayr\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan g\u00fczel olarak tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.9 Kaynaklarda yer alan iki efsaneden ilki \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n Dil\u015fad Hatun Efsanesi \u00a01<\/strong><\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hui b\u00f6lgesini (Sincan b\u00f6lgesi) s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine almak isteyen \u0130mparator Qianlong, bu maksatla b\u00f6lgede \u00e7\u0131kan Hocalar \u0130syan\u0131\u2019ndan faydalanmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Ku\u00e7ar Beyi Hocas\u0131 Bey ile Hoten Beyi Ho\u015fkepek Bey\u2019in ihaneti ile Hocalar\u0131n askeri durumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen Qianlong b\u00f6lgeye b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu g\u00f6nderir. Vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na teslim etmek istemeyen Hocalar iki y\u0131l boyunca vatan\u0131 m\u00fcdafaa etmek i\u00e7in kahramanca sava\u015f\u0131rlar. Hocalar\u0131n aras\u0131nda e\u015fi Hoca Cihan ile beraber Qing askerlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan kahraman bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu kad\u0131n, g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dillere destan olan Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019dur. Qing kuvvetlerinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131ramayan Hocalar, Bedeh\u015fan\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131nda Man\u00e7ular\u2019dan korkan Bedeh\u015fan Emiri iki hocay\u0131 da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Qing kuvvetlerine teslim eder. Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un g\u00fczelli\u011fini duyan \u0130mparator Qianlong ise hem b\u00f6ylesine g\u00fczel bir kad\u0131na sahip olmak hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin dostlu\u011funu kazanmak i\u00e7in Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un Pekin\u2019e getirilmesini emreder.<\/p>\n Kocas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclerek ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Qing askerlerine teslim edildi\u011fini bilmeyen Dil\u015fad Hatun, halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve halk\u0131na bir nebze faydal\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in Pekin\u2019e gitmeyi kabul eder. Pekin\u2019e vard\u0131klar\u0131nda kocas\u0131n\u0131n ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oktan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri haberini alan Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un art\u0131k iki amac\u0131 vard\u0131r: Birincisi; askerlerin T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesini sa\u011flamak, ikincisi ise; \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek. Ziyaret g\u00fcn\u00fc z\u0131rh\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fanan Dil\u015fad Hatun \u0130mparator\u2019un kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na da atla \u00e7\u0131kar. Saraya girdiklerinde herkes \u0130mparator\u2019un \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u011filirken Dil\u015fad Hatun; Vali taraf\u0131ndan yere kapanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan ihtar \u00fczerine \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu\u011fumu unuttunuz mu?<\/em> Biz yaln\u0131z Allah\u2019a secde ederiz. \u00dcstelik o benim d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131md\u0131r\u201d <\/em>der. Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un \u0130mparator\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu itaatsizli\u011fin cezas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Ancak \u0130mparator Qianlong bu durumu anlay\u0131\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131lar. \u0130mparatorun onu selamlamas\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken Dil\u015fad Hatun: \u201cBu, bir teslim olma de\u011fildir,<\/em> k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131m\u0131 size \u00c7in askerlerinin T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmeleri \u015fart\u0131yla veriyorum\u201d <\/em>der. \u0130mparator, Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019dan o kadar etkilenmi\u015ftir ki onu zorlamak istemez. Onu, bir g\u00fcn mutlaka ikna edece\u011fini bilir. Ana \u0130mparatori\u00e7e, Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un sarayda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n her ne kadar tehlikeli oldu\u011funu, vatan\u0131na geri g\u00f6nderilmesi gerekti\u011fini \u0130mparator\u2019a s\u00f6ylese de \u0130mparator Qianlong bunu kabul etmez. Aksine Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019u memnun edebilmek i\u00e7in ona her g\u00fcn hediyeler g\u00f6ndermeye devam eder.<\/p>\n \u0130mparator Qianlong onu ziyaret etti\u011finde Dil\u015fad Hatun her seferinde ondan ka\u00e7arak \u201cE\u011fer bana dokunursan hem seni, hem kendimi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcm\u201d<\/em> der. Onu memnun etmek i\u00e7in her \u00e7areye ba\u015fvuran \u0130mparator Qianlong \u00e7ars\u0131s\u0131, bah\u00e7esi ve camisi bulunan bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mahallesi in\u015fa ettirir. Saray\u0131n bah\u00e7esine onun do\u011fdu\u011fu yerlerde yeti\u015fen a\u011fa\u00e7 ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek \u00e7e\u015fitleri ektirir. Memleketinden k\u00f6kleriyle beraber i\u011fde a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 getirtir. Ayr\u0131ca Ka\u015fgar\u2019dakiyle ayn\u0131 \u00f6zellikte bir T\u00fcrk hamam\u0131 in\u015fa ettirir. Uygur b\u00f6lgesinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayan Hocalara d\u00fckl\u00fck, prenslik gibi unvanlar verir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar da benim halk\u0131md\u0131r diyen \u0130mparator Qianlong, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerin ortas\u0131na da cami in\u015fa ettirir. Ayr\u0131ca Beylerin refakatinde gelen ve sava\u015flarda esir edilen T\u00fcrk askerleri te\u015fkilatland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve muhaf\u0131z alay\u0131 olarak Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un emrine verilir. Bu askerlere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00c7in g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f liras\u0131 maa\u015f ba\u011flan\u0131r. Ancak Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019a evlenme teklif eden \u0130mparator Qianlong, Dil\u015fad Hatun taraf\u0131ndan yine reddedilir. Bunun \u00fczerine Ana \u0130mparatori\u00e7e, Dil\u015fad Hatun i\u00e7in korkun\u00e7 planlar tasarlamaya ba\u015flar. \u00d6nce Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019a bir han\u00e7er g\u00f6ndererek: \u201cYa evlensin,<\/em> ya da kendini \u00f6ld\u00fcrs\u00fcn.\u201d <\/em>diye haber yollar, fakat o \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcmden korkmuyorum, fakat daha vazifelerim var. \u0130ntikam almadan \u00f6lmek istemiyorum.\u201d <\/em>diye cevap verir. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130mparator\u2019un annesi \u0130mparatori\u00e7e ile birle\u015ferek \u0130mparator\u2019un ibadette oldu\u011fu bir g\u00fcn Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019u \u201cResimler Saray\u0131\u201d<\/em>n\u0131 gezme bahanesiyle kand\u0131r\u0131r ve gezi s\u0131ras\u0131nda onu ipek bir iple bo\u011fdurur. Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenen Qianlong ise saraya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde art\u0131k her \u015fey i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ge\u00e7tir.10<\/p>\n \u0130parhan Efsanesi \u00a02<\/strong><\/p>\n Hoca soyundan gelen g\u00fczel Prenses, Hui topraklar\u0131nda do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcr. V\u00fccudunda insanlar\u0131 mest eden \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir misk kokusu vard\u0131r. Bu koku \u00f6yle banyoda kullan\u0131lan sabunla parf\u00fcmle v\u00fccutta kalacak bir koku de\u011fildir. \u00d6ylesine do\u011fal bir kokudur ki, Prenses\u2019i t\u00fcm \u00c7in\u2019de me\u015fhur eder. Herkes de bu y\u00fczden onu Xiangfei (Kokulu Cariye) diye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Xiangfei\u2019in ad\u0131 dilden dile \u0130mparator\u2019a kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada b\u00f6lgede Hocalar \u0130syan\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130mparator Qianlong i\u00e7in yeni bir f\u0131rsat do\u011far. B\u00f6lgeye asker g\u00f6ndermek durumunda kal\u0131r ve askerlerine Xiangfei\u2019i ona getirmelerini emreder. Ona esir gibi davranmamalar\u0131n\u0131, onu saraya kadar iyi bir \u015fekilde a\u011f\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 emreder. Qing saray\u0131na vard\u0131klar\u0131nda Xiangfei\u2019in kokusu saraya kendisinden daha \u00f6nce var\u0131r. \u0130mparator o kadar mutludur ki i\u00e7tenlikle selamlar Xiangfei\u2019i. Xianfei\u2019in g\u00f6zlerinde ise nefret ve kin vard\u0131r. \u0130mparator pes etmez. Hediyeler g\u00f6nderir ancak Xiangfei\u2019in \u0130mparator\u2019a teslim olmaya hi\u00e7 niyeti yoktur. \u0130mparator Qianlong, bu sefer saray kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nderir onunla konu\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in. Xiangfei ise elbisesinin kolunda gizledi\u011fi parlak keskin han\u00e7erini \u00e7\u0131kartarak \u201c\u0130mparator<\/em> beni zorlamaya devam edecekse tez zamanda dile\u011fimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirse iyi olur\u201d <\/em>der. \u0130mparator Qianlong, bu olay\u0131 duyunca onu zorlayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, onun ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kad\u0131n oldu\u011funu anlar. Xiangfei\u2019e yakla\u015fmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntem arar. Bu y\u00fczden \u00f6ncelikle onun memleket \u00f6zlemini gidermek i\u00e7in saray\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesine bir bina in\u015fa ettirir. Bu binan\u0131n yan\u0131na da Uygur ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman geleneklerine uygun bir saray ve bu saray\u0131n i\u00e7ine T\u00fcrk geleneklerine uygun bir hamam in\u015fa ettirir. Xiangfei\u2019e \u00f6zel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman yiyecekleri haz\u0131rlat\u0131r. Ancak Xiangfei\u2019i yine de ikna edemez.<\/p>\n Ana Krali\u00e7e ise bu durumu \u00f6\u011frenince Qianlong\u2019a ya Xiangfei\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesini ya da onun dile\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek serbest b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 emreder. Ancak Qianlong\u2019un Xiangfei\u2019den vazge\u00e7meye niyeti yoktur. Ana Krali\u00e7e ise bu sorunu ortadan kald\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130mparator\u2019un ibadet i\u00e7in saraydan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcn yemek d\u00fczenleyerek Xiangfei\u2019i \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rt\u0131r. Ana Krali\u00e7e ona; \u201cE\u011fer \u0130mparator<\/em> Qianlong\u2019u istemiyorsan kesinlikle intihar etmelisin\u201d <\/em>der. Xiangfei ise hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct etmeden b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin asla olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Ana Krali\u00e7e, bunun sonucunda Xiangfei\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrt\u00fcr. Xiangfei\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini alan \u0130mparator saraya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde do\u011frudan Xiangfei\u2019in odas\u0131na gider. Oda bo\u015ftur ama havay\u0131 Xiangfei\u2019in o g\u00fczel kokusu doldurmu\u015ftur. Qianlong, Xiangfei\u2019e olan sevgisinden hemen onun naa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ve orada haz\u0131rlat\u0131lan mezara g\u00f6m\u00fclmesini emreder.11<\/p>\n \u0130parhan (Xiangfei) Efsanesiyle Ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Bir Hik\u00e2ye \u00d6rg\u00fcs\u00fcnde Yaz\u0131lan Eserler<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 104 y\u0131l sonra (1892) Xiao Xiong (\u8427\u96c4 ) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgesinin Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k Hik\u00e2yesi \u015eiiri<\/em>\u2019nin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc cildinde \u201cCariye Xiang Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 (<\/em> \u9999\u5a18\u5a18\u5e99 )\u201d<\/em> adl\u0131 bir \u015fiir bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u015eiirde \u015fu s\u00f6zler yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n Tap\u0131nak suyla \u00e7evrili bir veranda gibi,<\/em><\/p>\n Kad\u0131nlar s\u0131rayla Cariye Xiang\u2019a sayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sunmakta, \u0130\u00e7in i\u00e7in a\u011flayarak ona alt\u0131n kurba\u011fa12 ad\u0131yorlar.<\/em><\/p>\n Gizlice dua ederek dileklerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini arzuluyorlar.13<\/em> \u015eiirin ek k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise \u015fu s\u00f6zler yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n G\u00fczel cariye Xiangfei,<\/em><\/p>\n Qianlong ile Ka\u015fgar aras\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00fczel,<\/em><\/p>\n Mecburen kaderine boyun e\u011fmi\u015f,<\/em><\/p>\n V\u00fccudunda misk kokusu,<\/em><\/p>\n D\u00fcr\u00fcst ve i\u00e7ten,<\/em><\/p>\n Memleket \u00f6zlemi i\u00e7inde gidemez vatan\u0131na,<\/em><\/p>\n Sonralar\u0131 gizemli olarak bilinir.<\/em><\/p>\n Kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ocuk ister,<\/em><\/p>\n Kad\u0131nlar evlenmek ister ve ya evli \u00e7iftler aralar\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini ister.<\/em><\/p>\n Herkes buraya duaya gelir.<\/em><\/p>\n S\u0131k s\u0131k onu ziyaret ederler.14<\/em><\/p>\n Verdi\u011fimiz \u015fiirde Xiangfei\u2019e dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak Xiangfei Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Xiangfei\u2019i bir tanr\u0131\u00e7a gibi g\u00f6ren ve ondan dilek dileyen insanlar oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bu \u015fiir, Xiangfei hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan ilk edebi eser oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0130parhan hakk\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n 1907 y\u0131l\u0131nda Wang Yanyun ( \u738b\u960e\u8fd0 ) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Wang Xiangyi\u2019nin T\u00fcm Eserleri <\/em>( \u738b\u6e58\u6905\u5148\u751f\u5168\u96c6 ) adl\u0131 eserinde yer alan \u201cKad\u0131n Biyografileri\u201d <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Xiangfei\u2019e ait bir k\u0131sa bir hik\u00e2ye yer almaktad\u0131r. Burada yer alan hik\u00e2ye, bundan sonra Xiangfei \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan t\u00fcm edebi eserlerin ana kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Burada yer alan hik\u00e2yeye g\u00f6re; Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015flemekte oldu\u011fu zamanda Hocalar \u0130syan\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu isyanda g\u00fczel bir kad\u0131n esir d\u00fc\u015fer. \u0130mparator Qianlong onu cariye olarak saraya al\u0131r ve onu Huifei (Uygur Cariye) olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130mparator bu g\u00fczele \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olur. Huifei ise nefret doludur. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ailesinin intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak ister. Onun a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na hayran olan \u0130mparator, Huifei\u2019i s\u00fcrekli onurland\u0131r\u0131r. Qianlong\u2019un ibadete gitmesini f\u0131rsat bilen Ana Krali\u00e7e ise Huifei\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm ferman\u0131n\u0131 verir. Bunu duyan \u0130mparator aceleyle saraya gelir. Ancak Huifei \u00e7oktan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu hik\u00e2yede \u201cXiangfei\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131 ge\u00e7memesine ra\u011fmen hik\u00e2yenin ona ait oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Li Yuerui ( \u674e\u5cb3\u745e ) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Chunbing Odas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi Zul\u00fcm Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 <\/em>adl\u0131 eserde \u201cHanedanl\u0131k Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Biyografileri ( <\/em>\u6625\u51b0\u5ba4\u91ce\u4e58\u00b7\u56fd\u671d\u5217\u5973\u4f20 )\u201d15<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u0130parhan\u2019a ait hik\u00e2ye detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cXiangfei\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk eser oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a de\u011ferlidir. Hik\u00e2yenin ilk giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n kokusunun g\u00fczelli\u011finden ve bu kokunun banyo ve ya parf\u00fcmle elde edilemeyecek bir koku oldu\u011fundan bahsedilmektedir.16 Hik\u00e2ye, daha \u00f6nce bahsetti\u011fimiz ikinci efsane ile benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130mparator\u2019un \u0130parhan i\u00e7in Uygur b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve ibadethane in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi bilgisine yer verilmektedir. Ancak efsanenin bu hik\u00e2yenin yaz\u0131m\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Li Yuerui taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan \u0130parhan hik\u00e2yesi bundan sonra \u0130parhan hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok esere kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pekin\u2019deki Yasak \u015eehir\u2019in T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc hamam\u0131nda bulunan gen\u00e7, g\u00fczel bir kad\u0131n portresinin alt\u0131nda Xiangfei\u2019i tan\u0131mlayan bir yaz\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.17 Bu yaz\u0131, Li Yuerui\u2019nin Chunbing Odas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi Zul\u00fcm Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 <\/em>kitab\u0131nda yer alan Xiangfei tasvirine \u00e7ok benzemektedir. Xiangfei portresinde z\u0131rh giymi\u015f bir \u015fekilde betimlenen Xiangfei\u2019in belinde de bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 vard\u0131r.18 Resimde kahraman bir g\u00fczel olarak tasvir edilen Xiangfei\u2019in bu portresinin \u0130talyan Ressam Giuseppe Castiglione19 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.20<\/p>\n 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cai Dongfan ( \u8521\u4e1c\u85e9 ) taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Qing D\u00f6neminin<\/em> Tarihi Olaylar\u0131 <\/em>( \u6e05\u53f2\u901a\u4fd7\u6f14\u4e49 ) adl\u0131 eserde tasvir edilen Xiangfei, Profes\u00f6r \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun \u201cDil\u015fad Hatun\u201d<\/em> adl\u0131 makalesinde yer verdi\u011fi Dil\u015fad Hatun\u2019un hik\u00e2yesiyle benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu hik\u00e2yeye g\u00f6re; Xiangfei, Hoca Cihan\u2019\u0131n e\u015fidir. Hoca Cihan ile Qing g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan sava\u015fta esir d\u00fc\u015ferek Pekin\u2019deki saraya getirilmi\u015ftir ve sonunda Krali\u00e7e taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 1948\u2019e kadar \u00c7in\u2019de Xiangfei \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok eserde Chunbing<\/em> Odas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi Zul\u00fcm Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 <\/em>kaynak olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yong Jiantong ( \u6c34\u5efa\u5f64 ) taraf\u0131ndan \u201c\u0130parhan\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131nda bir opera bestelenmi\u015ftir. Ancak burada betimlenen \u0130parhan hik\u00e2yesi farkl\u0131 bir boyuta ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserde \u0130parhan, Hoca Cihan ile evlendikten sonra T\u00fcrkistan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek dans etmektedir. Hoca Cihan \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131ran Qing g\u00fc\u00e7leri ise Hoca Cihan\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131 esir al\u0131rlar. \u0130mparator Qianlong, \u0130parhan ile evlenmek ister ancak \u0130parhan kabul etmez. \u0130mparator, sab\u0131rla on iki y\u0131l boyunca \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131 bekler. \u0130parhan sonunda ancak Ka\u015fgar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olursa onunla evlenmeyi kabul edece\u011fini s\u00f6yler. \u0130mparator Qianlong onun bu iste\u011fini kabul ederek onu cariyesi olarak al\u0131r. Ancak \u0130mparator, \u0130parhan\u2019a duydu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015fk ile \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131 \u0130mparatori\u00e7e ilan etmek ister. Bunu duyan \u0130mparatori\u00e7e, \u0130mparator\u2019un ibadet i\u00e7in saraydan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrt\u00fcr.21<\/p>\n \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti kurulduktan sonra Xiangfei \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan hik\u00e2yeler, efsaneyle orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve onu bir isyanc\u0131 olarak tasvir etmi\u015ftir. Ancak 1976 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra \u0130parhan \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu efsanenin aksi bir ya\u015fam hik\u00e2yesini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yeni Kaynaklar I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130parhan<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0 \u201cQianlong\u2019un Uygur M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Cariyesi\u201d <\/em>olarak bir\u00e7ok edebi esere konu al\u0131nan Xiangfei hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar son y\u0131llara kadar \u201c\u0130mparator Qianlong ve \u0130parhan\u201d <\/em>hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan hik\u00e2yelerin ger\u00e7ek mi, efsane mi oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pekin \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde Profes\u00f6r Meng Sen ( \u5b5f\u68ee ) Xiangfei Hakk\u0131nda Ger\u00e7ekler<\/em> ( \u9999\u5983\u8003\u5b9e ) adl\u0131 eserinde efsanelere konu al\u0131nan Xiangfei (\u0130parhan)\u2019in Rongfei oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle \u0130parhan efsanesi \u00fczerindeki gizemi ayd\u0131nlatm\u0131\u015f ve bizlerin \u201c\u0130parhan\u201d<\/em> hakk\u0131nda yeni bilgilere ula\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kaynaklara g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan, sarayda efsanelerde anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksi bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yirmi sekiz y\u0131l boyunca \u0130mparator\u2019un g\u00f6zde cariyesi olan \u0130parhan, sarayda daima en \u00fcst d\u00fczey h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ger\u00e7ek ad\u0131na dair bir kayna\u011fa rastlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu kahraman g\u00fczel, \u00c7in tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u201cHoca soyundan Rongfei (<\/em> \u5bb9\u5983\u970d\u5353\u6c0f )\u201d <\/em>olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.22 Bu kaynaklara g\u00f6re, Rongfei 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00c7in saray\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Qing Hanedanl\u0131k Tarih Kay\u0131tlar\u0131<\/em> ( \u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f ) i\u00e7erisindeki \u201cCariye Biyografileri (<\/em> \u540e\u5983\u4f20 )\u201d<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan \u0130parhan\u2019a ait biyografide \u015fu s\u00f6zler ge\u00e7mektedir:<\/p>\n Rongfei, Hoca soyundan, Hui b\u00f6lgesinden gelen soylu ki\u015fi ve resmi olarak onurland\u0131r\u0131lan k\u0131z. Saraya girerek \u201cgui ren (<\/em> \u8d35\u4eba )\u201d23<\/em> unvan\u0131 ald\u0131. H\u0131zla \u201cfei (<\/em>\u5983 )\u201d24<\/em> unvan\u0131na y\u00fckseldi. \u00d6ld\u00fc.25<\/p>\n \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in saray\u0131na giri\u015f hik\u00e2yesi ise \u015fu \u015fekildedir: 1755 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gar b\u00f6lgesinde Cungarlar taraf\u0131ndan esir edilen Hoca Cihan ( \u970d\u96c6\u5360, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hoca) ve Hoca Burhaneddin ( \u6ce2\u7f57\u6ce5\u90fd, B\u00fcy\u00fck Hoca) serbest b\u0131rak\u0131larak Amursana\u2019n\u0131n26 vasallar\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Cungar ve Manchu h\u00e2kimiyetine boyun e\u011fmek istemeyen Hoca Cihan ve Burhaneddin\u2019in karde\u015fleri b\u00f6lgede isyan \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1757 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amursana kendisinin de \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphelenerek Qing\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131nca Hoca Cihan ve Hoca Burhaneddin de Qing\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.27 \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n abisi Tuerdu ( \u56fe\u5c14\u90fd ) ise bu isyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve akrabalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden de ailesiyle birlikte \u0130li \u015fehrine28 ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Hoca Cihan\u2019\u0131n ordusu Qing g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle Yarkent\u2019de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n amcas\u0131 H\u00fcseyin ( \u989d\u8272\u5c39 ), abisi Tuerdu ve kuzeni Mahmut ( \u739b\u6728\u7279 ) Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alarak Hocalara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve Hoca Cihan d\u00e2hil b\u00f6lgedeki b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hocalar\u0131n isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015flart\u0131r. 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n amcas\u0131 H\u00fcseyin ve kuzeni Mahmut\u2019a \u0130mparator Qianlong taraf\u0131ndan soyluluk unvan\u0131 ( \u8f85\u56fd\u516c )29 bah\u015fedilmi\u015ftir. Abisi Tuerdu Ba\u015fkent\u2019e geldikten sonra \u0130mparator Qianlong ona birinci dereceden taiji ( \u53f0\u5409 )30 unvan\u0131n\u0131 bah\u015fetmi\u015ftir. Abisi Tuerdu ve t\u00fcm aile bireylerinin Pekin\u2019e yerle\u015fmesiyle beraber \u0130parhan da Pekin\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ailesinin vas\u0131tas\u0131yla saraya girerek \u0130mparator ile tan\u0131\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir. Kaynaklardan edindi\u011fimiz bilgilere g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n saraya giri\u015f tarihi 19 Haziran 1760 tarihidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n saraya girdi\u011fi y\u0131l Haziran ay\u0131nda Fujian Eyaletinin Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wu Shigong, \u0130mparator\u2019a hediye olarak 18 adet lizhi a\u011fac\u0131 g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Saraydaki cariyelere bu meyve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rken \u0130parhan ve ailesine de bu meyvelerden ikram edilmi\u015ftir. Bu da \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n tam bu zamanlarda saraya girdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.31<\/p>\n \u0130parhan saraya girdi\u011finde daha 27 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u0130mparator Qianlong 50 ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1762 y\u0131l\u0131nda 29 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Ana Krali\u00e7e taraf\u0131ndan ona \u201cRong\u201d<\/em> ad\u0131 verilerek \u201cpin (<\/em> \u5ad4 )\u201d32<\/em> derecesine y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir ve sarayda \u201cRongpin\u201d<\/em> olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1766 y\u0131l\u0131nda Krali\u00e7e\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle beraber \u0130mparator Qianlong saraya cariye almama karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Bu karar, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n lehine sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1768 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cfei (<\/em> \u5983 )\u201d<\/em> derecesine y\u00fckselen \u0130parhan, art\u0131k sarayda Rongfei Hoca olarak \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.33 Sarayda maa\u015fa ba\u011flanan \u0130parhan, her y\u0131l maa\u015f olarak 300 liang34 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca her y\u0131l Aral\u0131k ay\u0131n\u0131n sonunda hizmetliler, mertebelerine g\u00f6re krali\u00e7eye, cariyelere ve soylulara sar\u0131 kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, h\u00fcnnap kurusu, li\u00e7i kurusu, beyaz kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, Tibet h\u00fcnnab\u0131, nil\u00fcfer tohumu ni\u015fastas\u0131, kuru hurma (Trabzon hurmas\u0131 gibi) da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. \u0130parhan\u2019a da her y\u0131l saraya gelen bu meyvelerin en iyileri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.35 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130parhan, \u0130mparator\u2019un en sevgili g\u00f6zdesidir. Her \u015feyin en iyisine lay\u0131kt\u0131r. Hatta 1765 y\u0131l\u0131nda 16 Ocak\u2019tan 20 Nisan\u2019a kadar s\u00fcren G\u00fcney gezisinde (Jiangnan, Suzhou ve Hangzhou) \u0130mparator\u2019a e\u015flik eden alt\u0131 ki\u015fiden birisi olma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sarayda ve gitti\u011fi gezilerde \u0130mparator daima \u0130parhan i\u00e7in helal yiyecekler haz\u0131rlatt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130parhan, cariyelik mertebesi y\u00fckselene kadar sarayda kendi geleneklerine uygun giyecekler giymi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimli\u011fine ra\u011fmen sarayda hi\u00e7bir zaman dini ve gelenekleri sorgulanmam\u0131\u015f ve herkes taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak Hui topraklar\u0131ndan36 Chang\u2019an\u2019a kadar gelen \u0130parhan yine de memleket \u00f6zlemi i\u00e7indedir. Bu sebeple onun \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ren \u0130mparator Qianlong, Bao Yue Lou\u2019un37 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na Bat\u0131 Chang\u2019an caddesine Huizu38 \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan bir bina ve cami in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir.39 Bu binaya \u201cHui<\/em> Saray\u0131\u201d <\/em>ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130parhan ne zaman memleketini \u00f6zlese \u0130mparator Qianlong onunla beraber Bao Yue Lou\u2019un g\u00fcneyine bu saray\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye gitmi\u015ftir.40 Bu da \u0130mparator\u2019un \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n dinine ve geleneklerine olan sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n 1768 y\u0131l\u0131nda 35 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n derecesi y\u00fckseldi\u011fi i\u00e7in art\u0131k kendi geleneklerine g\u00f6re giyinmesi saray i\u00e7inde uygun bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparator, onun i\u00e7in saraya uygun elbiseler yapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130parhan\u2019a elbiselerin yan\u0131nda inci k\u00fcpe, kolye gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli tak\u0131lar hediye etmi\u015ftir. 1771 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130parhan, \u0130mparator\u2019un \u015eubat ay\u0131ndan Nisan\u2019\u0131n ilk haftas\u0131na kadar s\u00fcren do\u011fu seyahatine e\u015flik etmi\u015f ve yol boyunca ay\u00e7\u00f6re\u011fi, i\u015fkembe, baharatl\u0131 tavuk gibi bir\u00e7ok yiyecek hediye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l May\u0131s ay\u0131nda \u0130parhan, \u0130mparator\u2019dan sonsuz ya\u015fam sutras\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fans sembol\u00fc olan ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kristal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc iki kulplu vazo, akik renginde reishi mantar\u0131, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve s\u0131rmal\u0131 kuma\u015f vb. gibi bir\u00e7ok hediye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.41<\/p>\n 1778 y\u0131l\u0131nda 20 Temmuz\u2019dan 26 Eyl\u00fcl tarihine kadar \u0130parhan, \u0130mparator ile beraber Shenjing gezisine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Neredeyse her gezisinde \u0130mparator\u2019a e\u015flik eden \u0130parhan, art\u0131k 6 ki\u015finin i\u00e7inde ikinci cariye olarak yerini almaktad\u0131r. Geziler s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130mparator Qianlong, di\u011fer cariyeler domuz eti yerken daima ona helal yiyecekler haz\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130parhan i\u00e7in Nunimat ( \u52aa\u502a\u739b\u7279 ) ad\u0131nda \u00f6zel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir a\u015f\u00e7\u0131 getirtmi\u015ftir. \u0130ffeti, asaleti ve duru\u015fuyla \u0130mparator\u2019un g\u00f6nl\u00fcnde taht kuran \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n Yuan Ming Yuan\u2019de42 verilen davetlerde de masadaki konumu y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.43<\/p>\n 1785 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130parhan art\u0131k verilen davetlerde daha az bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bunun sebebi \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un g\u00f6z\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015fmesinden de\u011fil hastalanmas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. Maalesef bu a\u011f\u0131r hastal\u0131\u011fa dayanmayan \u0130parhan, 19 Nisan 1788 tarihinde 55 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken hayata g\u00f6zlerini yummu\u015ftur. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1788 tarihinde Hebei eyaletinde \u0130mparatorlu\u011fa ait Do\u011fu Qing Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Cariyeler Bah\u00e7esi\u2019ne ( \u6e05\u4e1c\u9675.\u88d5\u5983\u56ed\u5bdd ) g\u00f6m\u00fclen \u0130parhan\u2019a ait e\u015fyalar ise an\u0131 olarak akrabalar\u0131na hediye edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130parhan\u2019dan geriye kalan e\u015fyalar\u0131n ailesine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cRonfei\u2019den Geriye Kalanlar Listesi\u201d<\/em>nde yer alan bilgilere g\u00f6re; amcas\u0131 H\u00fcseyin\u2019e ( \u989d\u601d\u97f3 ) bir adet g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fans sembol\u00fc kulp, bir \u015fi\u015fe enfiye,44 bir adet enfiye \u015fi\u015fesi, bir top45 bo\u011fa y\u0131lan\u0131 desenli saten kuma\u015f, bir top lacivert renkte geni\u015f saten kuma\u015f, bir top toprak renginde muslin kuma\u015f, bir top lacivert renginde muslin kuma\u015f verilmi\u015ftir. Tuo Ke Tuo (\u6258\u514b\u6258 ), Kashen Hoca ( \u5580\u7533\u970d\u5353 ) ve Parsa ( \u5e15\u5c14\u8428 )\u2019ya H\u00fcseyin\u2019e verilen e\u015fyalar\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131ndan verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne H\u00fcseyin\u2019e verilen muslin kuma\u015flardan verilmemi\u015ftir. \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n ailesindeki kad\u0131nlara ve abisi Tuerdu\u2019nun e\u015fine ise \u0130parhan\u2019a ait de\u011ferli e\u015fyalar verilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar; bir adet g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fans sembol\u00fc kulp, bir adet enfiye \u015fi\u015fesi, 200 liang g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bir top mavi renk saten kuma\u015f, bir top saray mavisi ipek kuma\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fcseyin\u2019in e\u015fine ise bir adet g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fans sembol\u00fc kulp, bir adet enfiye kutusu, bir top toprak renginde saten kuma\u015f, bir top beyaz renk saten kuma\u015f, bir top resmi makamlarda kullan\u0131lan mavi renk muslin46 kuma\u015f, bir top resmi makamlarda kullan\u0131lan lacivert renk muslin kuma\u015f verilmi\u015ftir. Amcas\u0131 Parsa\u2019n\u0131n e\u015fine; bir adet g\u00fc\u00e7 ve \u015fans sembol\u00fc kulp, bir adet enfiye kutusu, pembe ipek elbise, beyaz ince elbise verilmi\u015ftir. Uzak akrabalardan olan yengeleri ve kuzenleri bu alt\u0131 ki\u015fiden daha az\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.47<\/p>\n \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Cariyeler Bah\u00e7esi\u2019nin solunda \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un mezar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sa\u011f\u0131nda ise \u0130mparatori\u00e7e Cixi\u2019nin mezar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Cariyeler Bah\u00e7esi, 1745 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un emriyle in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu mezarl\u0131k, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 duvarlarla \u00e7evrili, kap\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131, koridoru olan Qing d\u00f6neminin \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan birisidir. \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu mezar, di\u011fer cariye mezarlar\u0131yla benzerlik g\u00f6stermektedir. Mezar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu platformun \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise mezar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Platformun geni\u015fli\u011fi 134 cm\u2019dir. \u0130\u00e7 derinli\u011fi, 13 metre 53 cm\u2019ye denk gelmektedir. Platformun k\u00f6\u015felerinin ve basamaklar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k beyaz ta\u015flar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 200 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan mezar y\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130parhan\u2019a ait kefenin sol ve sa\u011f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda dikey bir \u015fekilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f karakterler yer almaktad\u0131r. Kefenin ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise bak\u0131r renkte el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131yla\u2026\u201d<\/em> anlam\u0131na gelen Arap\u00e7a harfler bulunmaktad\u0131r.48 Kefenin \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan bu Arap\u00e7a harfler \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nceki hayat\u0131na ve kimli\u011fine dair en b\u00fcy\u00fck kan\u0131t niteli\u011findedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Qing d\u00f6neminde Qing rit\u00fcellerine g\u00f6re g\u00f6m\u00fclen cariyelerin kefenlerine genellikle Tibet\u00e7e ve Sanskrit\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcler yaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n kefenine yaz\u0131lan Arap\u00e7a harfler ise \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimli\u011fine ve geleneklerine olan sayg\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Dahas\u0131 \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n saraya girdikten sonra dininden ve geleneklerinden hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde \u00f6d\u00fcn vermedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Mezarda bulunan di\u011fer e\u015fyalar ise Qing g\u00f6mme rit\u00fcellerine uygundur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc halde beyaz uzun bir sa\u00e7 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu sa\u00e7tan \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm ya\u015f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kan\u0131ta g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 55 ya\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131nda kedig\u00f6z\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu ta\u015f, Qing d\u00f6neminde \u0130mparator, \u0130mparatori\u00e7e ve cariye mezarlar\u0131nda bulunan di\u011fer kedig\u00f6z\u00fc ta\u015flar\u0131 ile benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte mezarda \u0130parhan\u2019a ait Suzhou\u2019dan ithal edilen giysiler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n sarayda giydi\u011fi giysilerin \u00e7o\u011fu Suzhou\u2019dan ithal edilmi\u015ftir.49 Bu da bu mezar\u0131n \u0130parhan\u2019a ait oldu\u011funun en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6stergelerinden birisidir.<\/p>\n \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un Uygur Cariyesi Xiangfei olarak bir\u00e7ok efsaneye, \u015fiire, romana, tiyatro oyunlar\u0131na, \u015fark\u0131lara konu al\u0131nan \u0130parhan\u2019a ait gizem de bu mezar ile birlikte a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kay\u0131lara g\u00f6re, \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un bir tane Uygur cariyesi olmu\u015ftur. Onun ad\u0131 da Rongfei (\u0130parhan)\u2019d\u0131r. Efsanelerde, romanlarda anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir isyanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aksine vatan\u0131n\u0131n, memleketinin birli\u011fi ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00fclkesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f kahraman, vatansever bir T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131d\u0131r. Sarayda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yirmi sekiz y\u0131l boyunca memleketine ve insanlar\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130parhan\u2019a ait di\u011fer bir mezar ise Ka\u015fgar\u2019da yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a getirildi\u011fine dair bir\u00e7ok efsane yer almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen buradaki mezar\u0131n temsili bir mezar oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Bu temsili Xiangfei Mezar\u013150, 1640\u2019da in\u015fa edilen Afak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Afak Hoca T\u00fcrbesi\u2019nde yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7evrede \u201cHoca Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak da bilinmektedir.51 Bina, Uygur mimarisinin \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Arazi, 48.000 metrekarelik, 4,8 hektarl\u0131k bir alana sahiptir. Bu mezarda, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n ailesinden be\u015f nesle ait mezarlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrbeye toplam yetmi\u015f iki insan\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Ancak yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda toplam 58 mezar bulunmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrbe; ana giri\u015f, iki mescit, dini kitaplar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kitap odas\u0131 ve mezar odas\u0131yla beraber be\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrbe kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir havuz vard\u0131r. Havuzun etraf\u0131 ise kavak a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00e7evrilidir.52<\/p>\n Efsaneye g\u00f6re, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a getirili\u015f hik\u00e2yesi ise \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u0130parhan hastalanarak \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra bu durum \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019u \u00e7ok \u00fczm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eu an tek bir iste\u011fi vard\u0131r: O da \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektir. Ancak Qing geleneklerine g\u00f6re cariyeler ancak imparatorun yan\u0131ndaki cariye mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclebilir. \u0130mparator Qianlong bu durum i\u00e7in bir \u00e7are bulmak zorundad\u0131r. Sanatk\u00e2rlardan \u0130parhan\u2019a benzer bir heykel yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7ini bezle doldurmalar\u0131n\u0131 ister. Bu s\u0131ralarda \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n abisi de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in mezar\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kolayla\u015f\u0131r. \u0130mparator Qianlong, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n ailesinden biri ger\u00e7ek biri sahte olan iki tabutu da Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerini ister. Qing ordusu zorlu ge\u00e7en alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te Ka\u015fgar\u2019a var\u0131r ve burada \u0130parhan i\u00e7in g\u00f6mme t\u00f6reni yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu da Xiangfei\u2019e ait mezar\u0131n buraya nas\u0131l getirildi\u011fini anlatmaktad\u0131r.53 Ba\u015fka bir kaynakta yer alan hik\u00e2yeye g\u00f6re; Xiangfei \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra 66.666 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan bir ordu Xiangfei\u2019in naa\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019a getirir. Ka\u015fgar\u2019a vard\u0131klar\u0131ndan bu ordudan geriye sadece alt\u0131 ki\u015fi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ise Xiangfei ad\u0131na bir mezar bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar taraf\u0131ndan Xiangfei\u2019in mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019da bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenince mezar\u0131n Afak Hoca T\u00fcrbesi\u2019nde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. Ancak Xiangfei mezar\u0131n\u0131n hangisi oldu\u011funu kimse bilmemektedir.54 Bu da Xiangfei\u2019e ait mezar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de Cariye Bah\u00e7esi\u2019ne g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Zaten \u00c7in geleneklerine g\u00f6re, evli kad\u0131nlar ve cariyeler ancak kocas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclebilir.55 Bu sebeple \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u0130mparator\u2019un atalar\u0131na ve geleneklerine sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k demektir.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7in tarihinde ve Uygur tarihinde g\u00fczellik, kahramanl\u0131k sembol\u00fc olan \u0130parhan hakk\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan efsaneler onun saray i\u00e7inde ve halk \u00fczerindeki etkisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6stergesidir. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren hakk\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok eser yaz\u0131lan \u0130parhan, bir\u00e7ok eserde isyanc\u0131 olarak tasvir edilmesine ra\u011fmen geleneklerinden, g\u00f6reneklerinden ve inanc\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kad\u0131n olarak betimlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparator\u2019un ona olan a\u015fk\u0131 ve onun i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca dilden dile dola\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genellikle \u00c7in saray\u0131na girdikten sonra \u0130mparator\u2019un isteklerine boyun e\u011fen, inan\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015ftiren cariyelerden biri olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendi \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc daima korumu\u015ftur. Saraya ilk girdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde saray i\u00e7inde dahi kendi memleketine \u00f6zg\u00fc k\u0131yafetler giyen, camiye giderek ibadetini yapan \u0130parhan, kendi halk\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde y\u00fckseltmi\u015ftir. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n H\u00fcrrem Sultan\u2019a H\u00fcrrem Sultan\u2019\u0131n Kanuni\u2019ye olan a\u015fk\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bu a\u015fk, \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019u \u0130parhan \u00f6n\u00fcnde dize getirmi\u015ftir. Onun u\u011fruna bir Uygur \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131, T\u00fcrk hamam\u0131 ve cami yapt\u0131ran \u0130mparator Qianlong, \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n dinine ve geleneklerine olan b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Nitekim Ertu\u011frul Ceylan\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130slamiyet\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e<\/em> Giri\u015fi\u201d <\/em>makalesinde yer verdi\u011fi gibi Qing d\u00f6neminde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in uygulanan politikan\u0131n geriledi\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesine hapsedildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un M\u00fcsl\u00fcman cariyesine olan bu sevgi ve sayg\u0131s\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yeni kaynaklar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda efsanelere konu olan \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n Qing Tarih Kay\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Rongfei oldu\u011fu kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc efsanede ve ger\u00e7ek kay\u0131tlarda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en \u0130parhan ve Rongfei\u2019in ikisi de Hoca soyundan gelmektedir. \u0130kisinin de aile bilgileri birbiriyle uyu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kisi de Uygur topraklar\u0131ndan Qing saray\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130slamiyet\u2019e ve geleneklerine olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130ki hik\u00e2yede de \u0130mparator Qianlong\u2019un onlar ad\u0131na in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi Hui saray\u0131, T\u00fcrk hamam\u0131 ve camii vard\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlisi Qing \u0130mparatoru Qianlong\u2019un sadece bir tane Uygur cariyesi olmu\u015ftur. O da Rongfei; bizim tabirimizle \u0130parhan\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131klmalar:<\/strong><\/p>\n 1 Ankara \u00dcniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi, Sinoloji Anabilim Dal\u0131.<\/p>\n 2 Uygur Devletleri Tarihi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu, Uygur Devlet-leri Tarihi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, <\/em>T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013.<\/p>\n 3 \u0130ki devlet aras\u0131ndaki birli\u011fin, beraberli\u011fin ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in evlilik ile arabal\u0131k kurma politikas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4<\/sup>\u00a0 Tang d\u00f6neminde Uygur ka\u011fanlar\u0131na gelin giden \u00fc\u00e7 prenses hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cUygur Saray\u0131na Gelin Giden \u00c7inli Prensesler ve Bunun Arkas\u0131ndaki Politik Ger\u00e7ekler\u201d, Tarih Dergisi, <\/em>28-29 (1975), s. 63-70.<\/p>\n 5 Ahmet Kazani (1461-1542), XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir\u2019de etkili olmu\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Nak\u015fibend\u00ee Sufi Piri olarak bilinmektedir. Makhdum-i A\u2019zam al-Kasani al-Dahbidi olarak da bilinmektedir. Soyu, Karahanl\u0131lar\u2019dan Burh\u0101n al-D\u012bn Qil\u012bch (Buhaneddin K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l)\u2019a kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Bkz. B. Babajonov, \u201cBiographies of Makhdum-i A\u2019zam al-Kasani al-Dahbidi, Shaykh of the Sixteenth-Century Naqshbandiya\u201d, Manuscripta Orientalia,<\/em> 5 (2), 1999, s. 3-8. Makdumzadeler olarak bilinen Ahmet Ka-zani\u2019nin ikinci o\u011flu Muhammed \u0130shak Veli (d. 1599) Xinjiang b\u00f6lgesine gelerek burada \u00f6nemli bir siyasi fig\u00fcr haline gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgenin y\u00f6neticileri \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etki b\u0131rakarak bir\u00e7ok m\u00fcrit kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve bu tarikata Karata\u011fl\u0131k (\u0130shakiyye) denilmi\u015ftir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Muhammed Emin (d. 1597\/98) ise kar-de\u015finden daha sonra Uygur topraklar\u0131na varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O\u011flu Muhammed Yusuf Hoca (\u00f6. 1652\/53) ve torunu Afak Hoca (Hidayetullah Hoca, \u00f6. 1693\/94) Yarkent\u2019de Akta\u011fl\u0131k (Afakiyye). Bkz. Kim Hodong, Holy<\/em> War in China:The Muslim Rebellion And State In Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877, <\/em>Stanford University Press, 2004, s. 8-9.<\/p>\n 6 Uygur tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan Afak Hoca (? – 1693\/94), Kumul ilinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Babas\u0131 Muhammed Yusuf \u00c7in s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (Semerkant\u2019da) do\u011fdu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendisine yabanc\u0131lar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar verilmi\u015ftir. Babas\u0131 Muhammed Yusuf, Alt\u0131\u015fehir\u2019e geldi\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fck babas\u0131 Ahmet Kazani\u2019nin soyundan gelen akrabalar\u0131 buralarda Nak\u015fibendi tarikat\u0131n\u0131 yaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak Muhammed Yusuf, Gansu b\u00f6lgesinde Yankand\u2019e ilerleyerek Yarkand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Babas\u0131 di\u011fer Nak\u015fibendi taraf\u0131ndan zehirlenerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce yerine Afak Hoca ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u0130ki tarikat aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunca, Dalai Lama ve \u00c7ungarlar\u2019\u0131n deste\u011fini alan Afak Hoca taht\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Afak Hoca \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra ise Alt\u0131\u015fehir \u00fczerinde Akta\u011fl\u0131k ve Karata\u011fl\u0131k Hocalar\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Rian Thum, \u201cBeyond Resistance And Nationalism: Local History And The Case Of Afaq Khoja\u201d, Central Asian Survey,<\/em> 31 (3), 2012, s. 295-296.<\/p>\n 7 Zhixing Xiao ( \u8096\u4e4b\u5174 ), \u201cGenju Gugong Dang\u2019an Kao Xiangfei Zhi Fu– Da Xiangfei Shengfu Kaobian ( \u6839\u636e\u6545\u5bab\u6863\u6848\u8003\u201c\u9999\u5983\u201d\u4e4b\u7236 – \u7b54\u300a\u201c\u9999\u5983\u201d\u751f\u7236\u8003\u8fa8\u300b)\u201d, Wenwu<\/em>, 4 (1981), s. 83-86.<\/p>\n 8 1711 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1799 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u0130mparator Qianlong, Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 imparatorudur. \u00c7in tarihinde en uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalan imparator olarak da bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00a09 <\/sup>Marshall Broomhall, Islam in China: A Neglected Problem,<\/em> Morgan and Scott Ltd., London 1910, s. 93; Young-Tsu Wong, A Paradise Lost : The Imperial Garden Yuanming Yuan,<\/em> University of Hawaii Press, Amerika 2001, s. 63. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cDil\u015fad Hatun\u201d, Hayat Tarih Mecmuas\u0131,<\/em> \u015eubat 1966, s. 85-88.<\/p>\n 10 Efsanenin esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak i\u00e7in bkz. \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu, \u201cDil\u015fad Hatun\u201d, s. 85-88.<\/p>\n 11 Efsanenin esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynak i\u00e7in bkz. Xiaolin Wang ( \u738b\u6653\u7433 ), \u201cXiangfei de Chuanshuo ( \u9999 \u5983 \u7684\u4f20 \u8bf4 )\u201d, Wenshi Zazhi,<\/em> 1 (2009), s. 70-71.<\/p>\n \u00a012 <\/sup>Alt\u0131n Kurba\u011fa ( \u91d1\u87fe ): Feng Shui\u2019de zenginlik ve bolluk sembol\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bereket Kurba\u011fas\u0131 olarak da bilinir. \u0130yi \u015fans getirdi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a013 <\/sup>\u015eiirin \u00c7incesi \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u201c\u5e99\u8c8c\u5dcd\u5ce8\u6c34\u7ed5\u5eca,\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5973\u4f34\u6e34\u9999\u5a18,\u6292\u8bda\u6ce3\u6367\u91d1\u87fe \u9501,\u5bc6\u7977\u5fc3\u4e2d\u613f\u672a\u507f\u3002\u201d. Bkz. Xianzhao Liu ( \u5218\u5148\u7167 ), \u201cLishi Shang de Rongfei yu Yishu Shang de Xiangfei ( \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb9\u5983\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9999\u5983 )\u201d, Minzu Yanjiu<\/em>, 6 (1985), s. 63.<\/p>\n \u00a014 <\/sup>\u015eiirin \u00c7incesi \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u9999\u5a18\u5a18,\u4e7e\u9686\u95f4\u5580\u4ec0\u5676\u5c14\u4eba,\u964d\u8eab\u4e0d\u51e1,\u4f53\u6709\u9999\u6c14,\u6027\u771f\u7b03,\u56e0\u604b\u6bcd\u5f52,\u6ca1\u4e8e\u6bcd\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u540e\u751a\u8457\u7075\u5f02,\u51e1\u5987\u4eba\u6c42\u5b50\u3001\u5973\u5b50\u62e9\u5a7f\u6216\u592b\u5987\u4e0d\u7766\u8005\u201d,\u7686\u5f80\u7948\u7977,\u201c\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u9a8c\u3002.\u201d Bkz. Xianzhao Liu ( \u5218\u5148\u7167 ), \u201cLishi Shang de Rongfei yu Yishu Shang de Xiangfei ( \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb9\u5983\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9999\u5983 )\u201d, s. 63.<\/p>\n 15 Chunbing Odas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi Zul\u00fcm Kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ( <\/em>\u6625\u51b0\u5ba4\u91ce\u4e58 ): <\/em>Qing d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Qing d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fayan \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015filerin kulaktan kula\u011fa yay\u0131lan ve yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6k\u00fclen hik\u00e2yelerini anlatmaktad\u0131r. Kitap i\u00e7erisinde yer alan olaylar k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z bir \u015fekilde anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 143 ciltten olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a016 <\/sup>Hik\u00e2yenin ilk giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n kokusu \u00c7ince metinlerde \u015fu \u015fekilde tasvir edilmi\u015ftir: \u201c\u56de\u90e8\u738b\u5983\u67d0\u6c0f\u8005\uff0c\u56fd\u8272\u4e5f\uff0c\u751f\u800c\u4f53\u6709\u5f02\u9999\uff0c\u4e0d\u5047\u718f\u6c90\uff0c\u56fd\u4eba\u53f7\u4e4b\u66f0\u9999\u5983\u3002\u201d. Bkz. Xianzhao Liu ( \u5218\u5148\u7167 ), \u201cLishi Shang de Rongfei yu Yishu Shang de Xiangfei ( \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb9\u5983\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9999\u5983 )\u201d, s. 63.<\/p>\n \u00a017 <\/sup>Xiangfei Portresinin alt\u0131nda yazan yaz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Dongdong Bao ( \u5305\u51ac\u51ac ), Shijie Lishi Gongting Zhi Mi <\/em>( \u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u5bae\u5ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c ), Huazhi Wenhua Shiye Youxian Gongsi, Taibei 2012, s. 288.<\/p>\n 18 Xianzhao Liu ( \u5218\u5148\u7167 ), \u201cLishi Shang de Rongfei yu Yishu Shang de Xiangfei ( \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb9\u5983\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9999\u5983 )\u201d, s. 63.<\/p>\n \u00a019 <\/sup>Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 imparatorlar\u0131 Kangxi, Yongzheng ve Qianlong d\u00f6nemlerinde Qing saray\u0131na hizmet vermi\u015f \u0130talyan as\u0131ll\u0131 saray ressam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a020 <\/sup>Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. James A. Millward, \u201cA Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong\u2019s Court: The Meaning of the Fragant Concubine\u201d, The Journal of Asian Studies,<\/em> 53 ( 2), 1994, s. 433. Bu resmin alt\u0131nda yer alan a\u00e7\u0131klama-da efsanenin konu al\u0131nmas\u0131 bu resmin \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n temsili resmi oldu\u011funu akla getirmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu resim \u0130parhan\u2019\u0131n sarayda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lsayd\u0131 mutlaka a\u00e7\u0131klamada Xiangfei ad\u0131 yerine Rongfei ad\u0131 yer al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00a021 <\/sup>Xianzhao Liu ( \u5218\u5148\u7167 ), \u201cLishi Shang de Rongfei yu Yishu Shang de Xiangfei ( \u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb9\u5983\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u9999\u5983 )\u201d, s. 64.<\/p>\n 22 Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, Gugong<\/em> Bowuyuan Yuankan<\/em>, (2) 1980, s. 12.<\/p>\n \u00a023 <\/sup>Gui ren ( \u8d35\u4eba ): Cariyelerin saraya kabul edildikten sonra ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk unvand\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a024 <\/sup>Fei ( \u5983 ): 2. Dereceden cariyelere verilen unvand\u0131r.<\/p>\n 25<\/sup>\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f.\u540e\u5983\u4f20\u300b \u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5bb9\u5983\uff0c\u548c\u5353\u6c0f\uff0c\u56de\u90e8\u53f0\u5409\u548c\u672d\u8d49\u5973\u3002\u521d\u5165\u5bab\uff0c\u53f7\u8d35\u4eba\u3002\u7d2f\u8fdb\u4e3a\u5983\u3002\u85a8\u3002\u201d. Bkz. Bing Cao ( \u66f9\u51b0 ), \u201cXiangfei Xiju Shuo, Xiangfei Beiju Shuo, Xiangfei Rongfei Shuo, Xian-gfei de Ge Zhong Jia Shuo Youyi Wuyi Banjing Le Duo Ge Diming Yicai ( \u9999\u5983\u559c\u5267\u8bf4 \u9999\u5983\u60b2\u5267\u8bf4 \u9999\u5983\u5bb9\u5983\u8bf4 \u9999\u5983\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5047\u8bf4\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u626e\u9753\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u5730\u540d\u5f02\u5f69 )\u201d, Zhongguo Diming<\/em>, 6 (2013), s. 40.<\/p>\n 26 Amursana (1723-1757), Cungarya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgalinden sonra Cungar b\u00f6lgesinin ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6neticisinin kendisi oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130mparator Qianlong, vassal\u0131 olarak Amursana\u2019y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u0130mparator\u2019un eninden sonunda kendisi \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphe eden Amursana, 1757 y\u0131l\u0131nda Qing\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bkz. Konuralp Ercilasun, Ch\u2019ing Hanedan\u0131 Zaman\u0131nda K\u00e2\u015fgar (19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131na<\/em> Kadar), <\/em>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2003, s. 50. Kalmuklar\u2019\u0131n en son han\u0131 olarak bilinen Amursana, \u00c7in ile olan sava\u015fta \u0130li\u2019ye ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1757 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir hastal\u0131k nedeniyle vefat etti\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bkz. Cibek Ir\u0131mbek K\u0131z\u0131, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Kalmuklar\u0131n<\/em> Din\u00ee Tarihi ve Halk \u0130nan\u0131\u015flar\u0131, <\/em>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Li-sans Tezi, Ankara 2011, s. 24-25.<\/p>\n \u00a027 <\/sup>Hocalar Devri ile ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Ercilasun, Ch\u2019ing Hanedan\u0131 Zaman\u0131nda K\u00e2\u015fgar (19.<\/em> Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015f\u0131na Kadar), <\/em> 46-52.<\/p>\n 28 Kazak \u00d6zerk \u0130li, Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk b\u00f6lgesinin kuzey do\u011fusunda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/sup>29 Fu Guogong ( \u8f85\u56fd\u516c ): Qing d\u00f6neminde \u0130mparatorluk aile \u00fcyelerine, imparatorluk ailesinin uzaktan akrabalara ve vassallara verilen alt\u0131nc\u0131 dereceden soyluluk unvan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a030 <\/sup>Taiji ( \u53f0\u5409 ): Ming ve Qing d\u00f6neminde soylulara verilen unvanlardan birisidir. Qing d\u00f6neminde Taiji unvan\u0131 genellikle Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n soyundan gelenleri nitelendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Unvan, babadan o\u011fla ge\u00e7mektedir. \u201cPrens, han, ka\u011fan\u201d anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a031 <\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, Gugong<\/em> Bowuyuan Yuankan, <\/em>(2) 1980, s. 12.<\/p>\n \u00a032 <\/sup>Pin ( \u5ad4 ): 3. dereceden cariyelere verilen unvand\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a033 <\/sup>Millward, \u201cA Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong\u2019s Court: The Meaning of the Fragant Concubine\u201d, s. 435.<\/p>\n \u00a034 <\/sup>\u0130mparator Qianlong d\u00f6neminde 1 liang ( \u4e24 ), 37,40 grama denk gelmektedir. 300 liang ise 11.220 grama, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 11 kiloya denk gelmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00a035 <\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, s. 12.<\/p>\n 36Huihui ( \u56de\u56de ) kelimesi \u00c7in\u2019in bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Uygurlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u201cHuige ( \u56de\u7ea5 )\u201d veya \u201cHuihu ( \u56de\u9e58 )\u201d kelimelerinin ses de\u011fi\u015fiminden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f bir kelimedir. Bkz. Ertu\u011frul Ceylan, \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130slamiyet\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e Giri\u015fi\u201d, Current Research in Social Sciences,<\/em> 2(2), 2016, s. 28. Hui b\u00f6lgesi ( \u56de\u90e8 ), Qing d\u00f6neminde Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde kalan Uygur topraklar\u0131na verilen add\u0131r. Hui-jiang ( \u56de\u7586 ) ad\u0131yla da bilinir.<\/p>\n \u00a037 <\/sup>Bao Yue Lou (K\u0131ymetli Ay K\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc, \u5b9d\u6708\u697c ), 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130mparator Qianlong taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa ettirilmi\u015f-tir. Efsaneye g\u00f6re bu bina, \u0130parhan i\u00e7in yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Binan\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra ay \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en g\u00fczel yans\u0131tan yerde bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in k\u00f6\u015fke \u0130mparator taraf\u0131ndan \u201cBao Yue Lou\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00a038 <\/sup>Tang d\u00f6neminde \u0130slamiyet\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e girmesiyle beraber \u00c7in\u2019e gelen Araplar ve Persler sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde Huizu ( \u56de\u65cf ) olarak isimlendirilecek bir etnik yap\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak Yuan d\u00f6nemine gelindi\u011finde Araplar ve Perslerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet\u2019e inanan bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ulus ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da Yuan d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan Huihui kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ming d\u00f6neminde ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7ok uluslu sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00f6nemde Huihui kelime-si resmi olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de \u0130slamiyet ve Hui ulusu hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Ceylan, \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130slamiyet\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e Giri\u015fi\u201d, s. 27-36.<\/p>\n \u00a039 <\/sup>Tushuo Tianxia Tansuo Faxian Bian Weihui (\u300a\u56fe\u8bf4\u5929\u4e0b.\u63a2\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0\u300b\u7f16\u59d4\u4f1a ), Zhongguo Shi Da Chu-anqi Di Wang ( <\/em>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5341\u5927\u4f20\u5947\u5e1d\u738b ), <\/em>Jilin Chuban Jituan Chuban She, Changchun 2009, s. 353.<\/p>\n \u00a040 <\/sup>Yu Lu ( \u9646 \u5a31 ), \u201cGuanyu Xianfei de Shenshi de Tanjiu ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u8eab\u4e16\u7684\u63a2\u7a76 )\u201d, Bangongshi Yewu,<\/em> 4 (2006), s. 47.<\/p>\n \u00a041 <\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, s. 12.<\/p>\n 42 Yuan Ming Yuan ( \u5706\u660e\u56ed ): Bug\u00fcn Pekin\u2019in kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Haidian b\u00f6lgesinde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130mparatorluk Bah\u00e7esi Yuan Ming Yuan, bah\u00e7e i\u00e7erisine in\u015fa edilen peyzajlar, g\u00f6letler, kanallar, saraylar, salonlar, odalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fct\u00fcphane ile beraber devasa muhte\u015fem yap\u0131tlardan biri olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta-\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130mparator Kangxi\u2019nin emriyle in\u015fa edilmeye ba\u015flanan yazl\u0131k saray, \u0130mparator Yongzheng d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6l, g\u00f6let, oluk ve tepeler eklenerek geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparator Qianlong d\u00f6neminde bah\u00e7edeki manzara noktalar\u0131 elliye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 5 bah\u00e7eden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler ve Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yuan Ming Yuan\u2019den kalan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve 1980 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren koruma alt\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lge ziyaret\u00e7ilere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yuan Ming Yuan hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Young-Tsu Wong, A Paradise Lost: The Imperial Garden Yuanming Yuan,<\/em> 20-23, 188.<\/p>\n \u00a043 <\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, s. 13.<\/p>\n \u00a044 <\/sup>Enfiye: Kurutulmu\u015f t\u00fct\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan ve buruna \u00e7ekilen keyif verici, aks\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 toz, burun otu.<\/p>\n \u00a045 <\/sup>Bir top, \u00c7incede bir pi ( \u758b ) ile g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bir pi yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 33,33 metreye denk gelmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00a046 <\/sup>Muslin: S\u0131k dokunmu\u015f, parlak, ince, yumu\u015fak bir kuma\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n 47 Zhixing Xiao ( \u8096\u4e4b\u5174 ), \u201cGenju Gugong Dang\u2019an Kao Xiangfei Zhi Fu– Da Xiangfei Shengfu Kaobian ( \u6839\u636e\u6545\u5bab\u6863\u6848\u8003\u201c\u9999\u5983\u201d\u4e4b\u7236 – \u7b54\u300a\u201c\u9999\u5983\u201d\u751f\u7236\u8003\u8fa8\u300b)\u201d, s. 84.<\/p>\n \u00a048<\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, s. 10.<\/p>\n \u00a049 <\/sup>Shanpu Yu ( \u4e8e\u5584\u6d66 ), \u201cGuanyu Xiangfei Chuanshuo de Bianwei ( \u5173\u4e8e\u9999\u5983\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u8fa8\u4f2a )\u201d, s. 10.<\/p>\n 50 Ka\u015fgar\u2019da bulunan bu mezar \u201cXiangfei Mezar\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in metinde mezar\u0131n orijinal ad\u0131na sad\u0131k kal\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a051 <\/sup>Tushuo Tianxia Tansuo Faxian Xilie Bian Weihui (\u300a\u56fe\u8bf4\u5929\u4e0b.\u63a2\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0\u7cfb\u5217\u300b\u7f16\u59d4\u4f1a ), Qing Gong Mishi ( \u6e05\u5bab\u79d8\u53f2 ), s. 199.<\/p>\n \u00a052 <\/sup>Hengnian Dong ( \u8463\u6052\u5e74 ), Meili Xinjiang<\/em> ( \u7f8e\u4e3d\u65b0\u7586 ), Lantian Chuban She, Beijing 2014, s. 193.<\/p>\n \u00a053 <\/sup>Hengnian Dong ( \u8463\u6052\u5e74 ), Meili Xinjiang<\/em> ( \u7f8e\u4e3d\u65b0\u7586 ), s. 197.<\/p>\n \u00a054 <\/sup>Tushuo Tianxia Tansuo Faxian Xilie Bian Weihui (\u300a\u56fe\u8bf4\u5929\u4e0b.\u63a2\u7d22\u53d1\u73b0\u7cfb\u5217\u300b\u7f16\u59d4\u4f1a ), Qing Gong<\/em> Mishi <\/em>( \u6e05\u5bab\u79d8\u53f2 ), s. 199.<\/p>\n 55 Dongdong Bao ( \u5305\u51ac\u51ac ), Shijie Lishi Gongting Zhi Mi (<\/em> \u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u5bae\u5ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c ),<\/em> Huazhi Wenhua Shiye Youxian Gongsi, Taibei 2012, s. 283.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n BABAJONOV, B., \u201cBiographies of Makhdum-i A\u2019zam al-Kasani al-Dah-bidi, Shaykh of the Sixteenth-Century Naqshbandiya\u201d, Manuscripta Orienta-lia, <\/em>Vol. 5\/ No. 2, 1999.<\/p>\n BAO, Dongdong ( \u5305\u51ac\u51ac ), Shijie Lishi Gongting Zhi Mi (<\/em> \u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u5bae\u5ef7\u4e4b\u8c1c ), <\/em>Huazhi Wenhua Shiye Youxian Gongsi, Taibei 2012.<\/p>\n