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Dr. Erkin Emet<\/p>\n
Kalmuklar 1674’te Turfan, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i ve \u0130li b\u00f6lgelerinde Cungariye Devleti’ni kurdular. 1679’dan sonra 18 y\u0131l boyunca bu devlet b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcneyine de h\u00e2kim oldu. Kalmuklar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetindeki bu devir, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da genel vali s\u0131fat\u0131yla hocalar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir devir olmu\u015f; bu sebeple “Hocalar Devri” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1<\/p>\n
Bu tarihten sonra b\u00f6lgede yine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. 1864’\u00fcn Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda S\u0131dd\u0131k Bey K\u0131p\u00e7ak isyan ederek Yenihisar ve K\u00e2\u015fgar’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra Hokand Han\u0131 Hudayar Han’a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k bildirdi. Bunun \u00fczerine Hudayar Han, B\u00fczr\u00fck Han T\u00fcre’yi K\u00e2\u015fgar valisi, Yakup Bey’i de ba\u015fkumandan olarak b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderdi. Ancak S\u0131dd\u0131k Bey bunu kabul etmeyince bertaraf edilerek K\u00e2\u015fgar resmen Hokand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u011fland\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Yarkent de hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan Rus i\u015fgaline u\u011frad\u0131 ve K\u00e2\u015fgar’a b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 oldu. G\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1865’te Yakup Bey K\u00e2\u015fgar valisini devirerek Hokand Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n sona erdi\u011fini il\u00e2n etti ve Atal\u0131k Gazi Bedevlet Yakup Bey unvan\u0131 ile K\u00e2\u015fgar ve Yarkend h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu. Yakup Bey 1866’da Hoten’i, 1867’de Ku\u00e7a’y\u0131, 1868’de Turfan’\u0131, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’yi ve Kumul’a kadar olan b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irerek h\u00e2kimiyet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.2<\/p>\n
\u0130ngilizler Yakup Bey’in bu hareketi ile ilgilendiler. 1868’de K\u00e2\u015fgar’a gelen ticar\u00ee heyet Yakup Bey ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ticar\u00ee antla\u015fma imzaland\u0131. Yakup Bey bir yandan \u0130ngilizlerle dost\u00e7a ili\u015fkiler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan da Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 Abdulaziz’e o\u011flu Seyid Yakup Han T\u00f6re’yi (Hoca T\u00f6re) yollayarak yard\u0131m talep etti. Hoca T\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkistan’daki geli\u015fmeleri sultana ve ileri gelenlere ilettikten sonra sultan\u0131n y\u00fcksek himayesine girmek istediklerini belirtmi\u015ftir. Sultan bu iste\u011fe kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmayarak bir gemi ile sil\u00e2h ve asker yard\u0131m\u0131 yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu andan itibaren Yakup Bey, sultan\u0131n verdi\u011fi emirlik unvan\u0131n\u0131 alarak h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki topraklarda hutbeyi Abd\u00fclaziz Han ad\u0131na okutmu\u015f ve sikkeleri onun ad\u0131na bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.3<\/p>\n
Yakup Bey Petersburg’a el\u00e7i yollayarak Rusya ile de dost\u00e7a ili\u015fkiler kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 himayesine giren ve \u00c7in’e kar\u015f\u0131 Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda denge politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcterek yerini bir dereceye kadar sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran Yakup Bey, maalesef 1877 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015f; \u00c7inliler de hi\u00e7 vakit ge\u00e7irmeden yapt\u0131klar\u0131 taarruzla 16 May\u0131s 1878’de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal ve istil\u00e2 etmi\u015flerdir. Bir s\u00fcre Zo Zungtang komutas\u0131ndaki ordu taraf\u0131ndan idare edilen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, 18 Kas\u0131m 1884’te \u00c7in imparatorunun emriyle 19. eyalet olarak \u015ein-cang (Xin jiang “Yeni Toprak”) ad\u0131yla do\u011frudan imparatorlu\u011fa ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00fczerindeki Man\u00e7u s\u00fcl\u00e2lesinin h\u00e2kimiyeti 1911 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam etti. Bu tarihte \u00c7in’deki Man\u00e7u s\u00fcl\u00e2lesi y\u0131k\u0131larak cumhuriyet rejimi kuruldu ve bu rejim de b\u00f6lgeyi k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde elinde tuttu. Bu zaman zarf\u0131nda mahall\u00ee idareciler merkezin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket ediyorlard\u0131. Hatta d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerle do\u011frudan do\u011fruya antla\u015fmalar yapabiliyorlard\u0131. Ancak bu s\u00fcrede de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan idarecilerinin \u00c7inli oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1930’lara gelindi\u011finde, yerli idarecilerin halk \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve halk\u0131 bezdirmi\u015fti. Bunun bir sonucu olarak yeryer ayaklanmalar patlak vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlardan \u00f6nemlileri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131 liderli\u011finde, Nisan 1931’de Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131,
\nMahmut Muhiti liderli\u011finde, Ocak 1933’te Turfan Ayaklanmas\u0131
\nMehmet Emin Bu\u011fra liderli\u011finde, \u015eubat 1933 Hoten Ayaklanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, yine 1933 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131nda Timur ve Osman isimli ki\u015filerin liderli\u011finde, Altay’da \u015eerif Han T\u00f6re liderli\u011finde ayaklanmalar patlak verdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ayaklanmalar sonu\u00e7 verdi ve ayn\u0131 sene \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i \u015fehri haricinde b\u00fct\u00fcn Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00c7inlilerden temizlendi.<\/p>\n
\u0130htil\u00e2llerin ilk ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olan Kumul’daki ayaklanmaya D\u00f6ngenlerden Ma Jung Ying, May\u0131s 1931’de emrindeki y\u00fcz g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ile kat\u0131ld\u0131; ancak yaralan\u0131nca Temmuz’da Kansu’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Kumul’a Eyl\u00fcl 1931’de Ruslar yard\u0131m teklif etti ise de Kumul ihtil\u00e2lcileri reddetti. Bunun \u00fczerine Rusya Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Valisi Jing \u015eu Ren’le Ekim ay\u0131nda gizli bir antla\u015fma yaparak vali kuvvetlerine sil\u00e2h yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgeye h\u00e2kim olamayan Jing \u015eu Ren, Nisan 1933’te Rusya \u00fczerinden \u00c7in’e ka\u00e7\u0131nca Ba\u015fkumandan \u015eing \u015ei Sey kendini asker\u00ee vali il\u00e2n ederek idareyi ele ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
1933’te Ma Jung Ying binden fazla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcyle tekrar gelerek 16 Haziran’da Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131’yla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ma Jung Ying’in b\u00fct\u00fcn asker\u00ee i\u015fleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na ele almak istemesine Hoca Niyaz kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Ma ihtil\u00e2lcilere sald\u0131rarak ellerindeki sil\u00e2h ve m\u00fchimmat\u0131 ald\u0131. Hoca Niyaz’\u0131n zor duruma d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ren Rusya, Hoca Niyaz’a \u015ein ile anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etti. Teklifi de\u011ferlendiren Hoca Niyaz, 9 Temmuz 1933’te \u015ein ile anla\u015ft\u0131. Antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyi Hoca Niyaz’\u0131n, kuzeyi de \u015ein’in idaresinde olacakt\u0131. Antla\u015fma \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’de imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu \u015fekilde 12 Kas\u0131m 1933’te, K\u00e2\u015fgar’da “\u015eark\u00ee T\u00fcrkistan \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti” il\u00e2n edildi ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu:<\/p>\n
Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131
\nBa\u015fbakan Sabit Damollah Abd\u00fclbaki
\nErkan-\u0131 Harbiye Reisi General Mahmut Muhiti
\n\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Seyitzade Yunus Bek
\nD\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Kas\u0131m Can
\nE\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Abdulkerimhan Mahdum
\nEvkaf Bakan\u0131 \u015eemsettin Turdi<\/p>\n
Adalet Bakan\u0131 Zarif Kari
\nZiraat ve Ticaret Bakan\u0131 Abdul H\u00fcseyin
\nMaliye Bakan\u0131 Ali Ahun
\nHarbiye Bakan\u0131 Oraz Bek
\nSa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Abdullah Hani<\/p>\n
Ocak 1934’te \u00c7\u00f6\u00e7ek ve Altay s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan giren K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i civar\u0131nda Ma Jung Ying’i bozguna u\u011fratarak K\u00e2\u015fgar’a do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu arada \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’den K\u00e2\u015fgar’a gelen ba\u015fkonsolos Afserof, Hoca Niyaz ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek h\u00fck\u00fcmetin l\u00e2\u011fvedilmesi ve kendisinin \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’de \u015eing \u015ei Sey ile birlikte ortak idare kurmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etti. Bunu kabul etmek zorunda kalan Hoca Niyaz, Afserof ile birlikte K\u00e2\u015fgar’dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’de genel vali yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu ve b\u00f6ylece h\u00fck\u00fcmet sona erdi.<\/p>\n
Eyl\u00fcl 1938’de \u015eing \u015ei Sey, Stalin’in m\u00fcmtaz misafiri olarak Moskova’ya gitti ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi’ne \u00fcye oldu.<\/p>\n
Nisan 1937’de \u00e7\u0131kan ihtil\u00e2lin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Hoca Niyaz tutukland\u0131; sonra da \u015eerif Han T\u00f6re ve di\u011fer m\u00fccahitler gibi i\u015fkence ile \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Bark\u00f6l’de d\u00f6rt ayaklanma ile \u015eubat 1940’ta veHaziran 1941’de Altay’da \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanmalar kanl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u015eing \u015ei Sey bir yandan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler kurarken di\u011fer yandan \u00c7in ile gizlice anla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bulan \u015eing \u015ei Sey \u00c7in’e ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etti. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00f6nceden s\u0131n\u0131ra y\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yapm\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00c7in ordusu \u00fclkeye girdi, K\u0131z\u0131lordu Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131 terk etti. Bu, Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in’in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’a soktu\u011fu ilk kuvvetti. Halk \u00c7in i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 yer yer direni\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. Bunlardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Rusya desteklemekteydi.<\/p>\n
Eyl\u00fcl 1944’te \u0130li’de \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanma sonu\u00e7 verdi ve \u0130li, Altay, Tarbagatay vil\u00e2yetleri kurtar\u0131larak 12 Kas\u0131m 1944’te “\u015eark\u00ee T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti” il\u00e2n edildi:<\/p>\n
Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Ali Han T\u00f6re
\nCumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Muavini Hekim Hoca Beg
\nGenel Sekreter Abd\u00fcrrauf Beg
\nMaliye Bakan\u0131 Enver Musabay
\nE\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Seyfettin Azizi
\nSa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 Muhittin Kanat
\nAdalet Bakan\u0131 Mehmet Can Mahdum<\/p>\n
\u0130li’de h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulduktan sonra Ruslar isyanc\u0131lara yard\u0131m olarak sil\u00e2h, asker\u00ee ve sivil m\u00fc\u015favirler yollad\u0131. Bu m\u00fc\u015favirler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Rusya, \u00c7in’le antla\u015fma yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 telkin etti. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00c7in’le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde arac\u0131 olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in literat\u00fcrde “\u00dc\u00e7 Efendi” olarak bilinen \u0130sa Yusuf Alptekin, Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra ve Mesut Sabr\u0131’yi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’a davet etti. \u00dclkeye gelen \u00dc\u00e7 Efendi \u00e7o\u011funlukla gen\u00e7lerin dinleyici olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konferans d\u00fczenleyerek tam\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce \u00c7in’e ba\u011fl\u0131 bir mill\u00ee muhtariyet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ve bu \u015fekilde k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn, mefk\u00fcrenin ve iktisad\u00ee hayat\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesinin en uygun yol oldu\u011funu, bir s\u00fcre sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Rus boyunduru\u011funa girme tehlikesinden de uzak olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olabilece\u011fini anlatt\u0131lar. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sonunda anla\u015fma sa\u011fland\u0131.4 Ancak antla\u015fmaya taraftar olmayan Ali Han T\u00f6re ile birka\u00e7 reis Rusya’ya ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Antla\u015fma neticesi \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i’de 15’i yerli, 10’u da \u00c7inli olmak \u00fczere 25 ki\u015filik ortak bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu. Buna g\u00f6re \u00c7inli General Zhang Zhi Zhong genel vali, Kremlin yanl\u0131s\u0131 olan Ahmetcan Kas\u0131m ile Burhan \u015eehid\u00ee de vali muavinleri olmu\u015flard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k bakan\u0131, Can\u0131m Han maliye bakan\u0131, \u0130sa Yusuf sandalyesiz \u00fcye olarak girmi\u015f, Mesut Sabri de eyalet genel m\u00fcfetti\u015fi olmu\u015ftu.5<\/p>\n
\u0130htil\u00e2l kuvvetlerinin alt\u0131nda olan ve Ruslarca desteklenen \u0130li, Altay, Tarbagatay vil\u00e2yetlerine \u00c7in eli uzanm\u0131yor, g\u00fcneydeki \u00c7inlile\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 ise halk\u0131n kuzeydeki gibi Rusya’ya meyline sebep oluyordu. Bunun \u00fczerine \u00c7in, Mesut Sabri’yi genel valili\u011fe, \u0130sa Yusuf’u da h\u00fck\u00fcmet genel sekreterli\u011fine atamak yoluyla idareyi milliyet\u00e7ilere b\u0131rakt\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin Rus yanl\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcyeleri bu yeni durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130li b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131lar ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetten \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n
“Milliyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmet” ilk i\u015f olarak T\u00fcrkle\u015fme prensibiyle e\u011fitime el att\u0131. Bu hareket \u00c7in’i ve Rusya’y\u0131 tel\u00e2\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131. 1948’de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da bulunan \u00c7in sil\u00e2hl\u0131 kuvvetleri ba\u015fkumandan\u0131 bir beyanname yay\u0131nlayarak yerli milliyet\u00e7ilerin Rus taraftarlar\u0131ndan daha tehlikeli oldu\u011funu ifade etti.6<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralarda \u00c7in’de Mao’nun me\u015fhur y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. Bunun bir neticesi olarak \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, SSCB’e ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek amac\u0131yla, 1 Ocak 1949’da Mesut Sabri ve \u0130sa Yusuf’u i\u015ften el \u00e7ektirdi. Yerlerine Kremlin yanl\u0131s\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Burhan \u015eehid\u00ee getirildi. Bu arada \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistler yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00c7in’e h\u00e2kim olmu\u015f ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Eyl\u00fcl 1949’da Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in birliklerinin ba\u015f kumandan\u0131, \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k il\u00e2n etti. B\u00f6ylece kom\u00fcnist ordu hi\u00e7bir asker\u00ee kuvvetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan \u00fclkeye girdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130sa Yusuf, Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra ve binlerce Uygur ve Kazak T\u00fcrk\u00fc Hindistan ve Pakistan’a iltica etti. Mesut Sabri \u015fehit edildi. B\u00f6ylece Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki karanl\u0131k g\u00fcnler ba\u015flad\u0131. On binlerce ayd\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve hapislere at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
O tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek \u00c7in’e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi devam etmektedir. Son olaylarla doruk noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yer yer ayaklanmalar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmektedir. Ayaklanmalar\u0131n Uygur T\u00fcrkleri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015funcaya kadar devam edece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nemi\u00a0ile Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc N\u00fcfus Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkistan’daki 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda cereyan eden siyas\u00ee ve ekonomi buhran\u0131n sonucu olarak, Timur o\u011fullar\u0131 Hindistan’a, \u00c7a\u011fatay o\u011fullar\u0131 da Alt\u0131\u015fehir’e \u00e7ekilirler. B\u00f6ylece, b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131 bir arada tutan siyas\u00ee birlik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Gitgide etnik farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda, Orhun civar\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Uygurlar, Turfan y\u00f6resinde \u0130dikut Devleti’ni ve K\u00e2\u015fgar y\u00f6resinde de di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131yla birle\u015fip Karahanl\u0131 Devleti’ni kurarlar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funun esas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden Uygurlar, i\u015fte bu \u0130dikut Devleti’ni ve Karahanl\u0131 Devleti’ni kuran Uygurlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
On be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kuzeydeki K\u0131p\u00e7ak bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkistan’a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Co\u00e7i ulusuna mensup olanlar, \u00c7u nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesine ve Mavera\u00fcnnehir’deki Tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015firler. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fenler “Kazak” ad\u0131n\u0131, tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fenler “\u00d6zbek” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131rlar.7<\/p>\n
Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131nda 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar da ayr\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011fu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Onlar 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kuzeydo\u011fudan Oyratlar ile beraber T\u00fcrkistan’a gelmi\u015f olabilirler. K\u0131rg\u0131zlar, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n izniyle Iss\u0131k G\u00f6l’\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ile me\u015fgul olurlar. Onlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na rastlar.8 Tarih\u00e7i Prof. Enver Baytur’a g\u00f6re “K\u00e2\u015fgar Hocalar\u0131n\u0131n atas\u0131 say\u0131lan Mahdum\u00ee Azem’in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Hoca \u0130shak Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131ndaki K\u0131rg\u0131z b\u00f6lgelerine gidip \u0130sl\u00e2m dinini yaym\u0131\u015f, Tezkire-i Cahan’daki belgelere g\u00f6re, Hoca \u0130shak K\u0131rg\u0131z b\u00f6lgelerinde 12 y\u0131l kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r”.<\/p>\n
Kazaklar ve K\u0131rg\u0131zlar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, Oyratlar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunu i\u015fgal ettikleri i\u00e7in, \u00c7a\u011fatay o\u011fullar\u0131 ve onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Mo\u011follar, ister istemez g\u00fcneye (Alt\u0131\u015fehir’e) kaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcneydeki bu Mo\u011follar, tamamen T\u00fcrkle\u015fip bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Uygurlara kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p gitmi\u015flerdir.9 K\u00e2\u015fgar, Yarkent, Hoten nehirlerinin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve Lopnor g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evresinde ya\u015fayan Dolanlar (dolan Mo\u011folca “yedi=7” demektir) 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Kalmuklar\u0131n Alt\u0131\u015fehire h\u00e2kim olduklar\u0131 devrede, buralara gelip yerle\u015fen ve T\u00fcrkle\u015fen Kalmuklard\u0131r. Dolanlar, \u00c7a\u015f-\u015firin, Bar\u00e7uk, B\u00f6g\u00fcr kabilelerinden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil olup, \u015eamanizm kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131na nazaran Dolanlarda daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.10<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Uygurlar olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrk topluluklar\u0131 ve di\u011fer milliyetten halk bir arada ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir veri olmamakla birlikte 1993 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re ve 1993 sonu itibariyle b\u00f6lgenin toplam n\u00fcfusu 16.052.648 ki\u015fidir. Bu n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 62’sini olu\u015fturan 10.015.948 ki\u015fi T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenlidir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n y\u00fczde 47’sini olu\u015fturan Uygurlar\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 7.589.468’dir; n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 37’si, yani 6.036.700 ki\u015fi (\u00c7in Ordusu hari\u00e7) Han milliyetindendir; 1.196.416 Kazak T\u00fcrk\u00fc, Do\u011fu T\u00fcr\u00adkistan n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 7.3’\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgede 732.294 Huy (\u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman); 149.198 Mo\u011fol; 154.282 K\u0131rg\u0131z T\u00fcrk\u00fc; 36.785 \u015eibe; 36.108 Tacik; 12.782 \u00d6zbek T\u00fcrk\u00fc; 18.856 Man\u00e7u; 5.827 Dagur; 4.440 Tatar T\u00fcrk\u00fc ve 8.563 Rus ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7enlerden Han milliyeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk ve daha sonra da Mo\u011fol soylular y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan topraklar\u0131nda birarada ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan n\u00fcfusunun 70.929 ki\u015filik bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Dong \u015eiang, Tibet, Miao, Yi, Buyi ve Kore milliyetlerindendir.11 Bu topluluklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131 i\u015fgalinden hemen \u00f6nce ya da sonra di\u011fer eyalet ve \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgelerden b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle Han milliyetini \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sa\u011flayarak asimile etme siyaseti ile g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n ilk i\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131nda Han milliyetinden olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 200 bin iken, bug\u00fcn alt\u0131 bu\u00e7uk milyona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7 bug\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u0131z\u0131yla devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Din\u00ee Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan bug\u00fcn de bir\u00e7ok dinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgedir. B\u00f6lgede en yayg\u0131n dinler \u0130sl\u00e2miyet, Lamaizm (Tibet Budizmi), Budizm, Taoizm, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k (Katoliklik, Do\u011fu Ortodoks Kilisesi) ve \u015eamanizmdir. Uygur, Kazak, Huy (D\u00f6ngen), K\u0131rg\u0131z, Tacik, \u00d6zbek, Tatar, Salar, Dong \u015eiang ve Baoan milliyetlerinden halklar \u0130sl\u00e2m dinindendir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131nda en etkin din \u0130sl\u00e2miyet’tir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da 23.000 cami, Lamaist tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve Katolik kilisesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7in, tarihten beri uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikili din\u00ee siyaseti g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de uygulamaktad\u0131r. Mao’nun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra din\u00ee siyasette k\u0131smen de olsa yumu\u015fama olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, din\u00ee bask\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0Y\u00f6netim Sistemi<\/p>\n
1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in i\u015fgalinden sonra, \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan 1 Ekim 1955’te eyalet stat\u00fcs\u00fcne son verilip, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n ad\u0131 Xin Jiang Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olarak belirlendi. B\u00f6lgenin ba\u015fkentinin “Dihua” olan eski ad\u0131 da “\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i” olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. “\u015ein Jiang Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi” h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurulu\u015fundan itibaren \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Komitesi’nin \u00f6zerklik siyasetini uygulamad\u0131. Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na karar al\u0131p \u00c7inlilerin sindirme politikas\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131. Uygur T\u00fcrkleri siyas\u00ee ya\u015fama, h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na, ekonomik kalk\u0131nma ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkinliklere kat\u0131lamad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da Turfan, Kumul, Aksu, K\u00e2\u015fgar, Hoten, \u0130li, \u00c7\u00f6\u00e7ek ve Altay ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan sekiz “y\u00f6netim b\u00f6lgesi” vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130li Kazak \u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi, B\u00f6ritala Mo\u011fol\u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi, Cimisar Huy \u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi, Bayangol Mo\u011fol \u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi ve K\u0131z\u0131lsu K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk Y\u00f6netim B\u00f6lgesi olmak \u00fczere be\u015f “\u00f6zerk alt b\u00f6lge” bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, Karamay ve \u015eihenze kentleri do\u011frudan do\u011fruya “\u015ein Jiang Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi” h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00f6netilirler.<\/p>\n
Turfan \u015fehri, Kumul \u015fehri, Aksu \u015fehri, K\u00e2\u015fgar \u015fehri, Hoten \u015fehri, Gulca \u015fehri, \u00c7\u00f6\u00e7ek \u015fehri ve Altay \u015fehri kendi isimlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6lge y\u00f6netimlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00f6netilirler. Kuytun \u015fehri, Korla \u015fehri, B\u00f6ritala \u015fehri, Cimisar \u015fehri, Fukang \u015fehri ve Artu\u015f \u015fehri \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lge y\u00f6netimlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u015fehir merkezleridir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da 64 kasaba, 6 \u00f6zerk il\u00e7e, 802 nahiye ve 42 az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6zerk nahiyesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0Ekonomik ve Sosyal Durumu<\/p>\n
Ekonomi: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan petrol, uranyum, demir, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, alt\u0131n, volfram, tuz, do\u011falgaz gibi stratejik yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc zenginliklerine sahip bir \u00fclkedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7in’de mevcut 148 \u00e7e\u015fit madenin 118 \u00e7e\u015fidi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da \u015fimdiye kadar 5.000 yerde maden oca\u011f\u0131 bulunmu\u015f olup bu, \u00c7in’deki toplam maden oca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %85’ini te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n
Yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 b\u00f6lgeden petrol, 30 b\u00f6lgeden do\u011fal gaz \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Petrol rezervi 8 milyar ton olarak tespit edilmi\u015f ve her y\u0131l 10 milyon ton petrol \u00c7in’e ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7in’in k\u00f6m\u00fcr rezervinin yar\u0131s\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’dad\u0131r. Y\u0131ll\u0131k alt\u0131n \u00fcretimi de 360 kg. civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Uranyum, volfram gibi stratejik madenler ile tuz ve renkli kristal ta\u015flar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yeralt\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindendir.<\/p>\n
150 bin km2 tar\u0131m arazisine ve bir o kadar ekilebilen topra\u011fa ve 12 bin km2 geni\u015fli\u011finde ormanl\u0131k alana sahip Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan yaylalar\u0131nda 60 milyona yak\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvan beslenmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkelerinden say\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, maalesef \u015fu anda “geri kalm\u0131\u015f bir \u00fclke” h\u00fcviyetinde olup, halk\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131nda yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi, bu zenginliklerin talan edilircesine \u00c7in’e ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00fclkede kurulu b\u00fct\u00fcn sanayi tesislerinden sa\u011flanan gelirin Pekin’e aktar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim, \u00c7in y\u00f6neticileri, \u00c7in’in hammadde zenginliklerinin %85’inin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’dan elde edildi\u011fini itiraf etmektedirler. \u00dclke sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %90’\u0131n\u0131 ve petrol tesislerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %99’unu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilen \u00c7inliler olu\u015f\u00adturmaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131sacas\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkelerinden biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, belki en fakir olan \u00fclkedir…<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesinde 800 anaokulu, 7100 ilkokul, 1900 orta\u00f6\u011fretim okulu, 100 meslek\u00ee orta\u00f6\u011fretim okulu, sa\u011f\u0131r dilsiz ve g\u00f6rme \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in 20 \u00f6zel okul, 21 y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bran\u015flarda 100 fak\u00fclte vard\u0131r. Teknik ve meslek i\u00e7i e\u011fitim kurslar\u0131yla tatil d\u00f6nemlerinde e\u011fitim sunan programlar da olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 40 \u00fcniversite ve 90 lisans\u00fcst\u00fc uzmanl\u0131k okulu vard\u0131r. End\u00fcstri, tar\u0131m, ormanc\u0131l\u0131k, t\u0131p ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, finasman, hukuk ve siyasal bilimler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrfizik, sanat e\u011fitimi, \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131 ve okul \u00f6ncesi e\u011fitim uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bran\u015flarda yayg\u0131n e\u011fitim verilmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan yararlanan \u00e7ocuk, ergen, yeti\u015fkin, sa\u011f\u0131r-dilsiz ve g\u00f6rme \u00f6z\u00fcrl\u00fc ki\u015filerin toplam\u0131 d\u00f6rt milyon civar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve say\u0131lan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda 180.000 \u00f6\u011fretmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim alan\u0131nda da bu e\u015fitsizlik s\u00fcrmektedir. Uygur ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli halklar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcniversite kazanma oran\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz okullar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda Han milletinden \u00f6\u011frenciler e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin eskiden beri Uygur T\u00fcrklerini cahil b\u0131rak-y\u00f6net siyasetiyle, e\u011fitim kalitesini y\u00fckseltmeye y\u00f6nelik hi\u00e7bir giri\u015fimi yoktur. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde e\u011fitimde e\u015fitlikten bahsedilmesine ra\u011fmen Uygurlar\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 her zaman engellenmi\u015ftir. Hanl\u0131lar bak\u0131ml\u0131 ve bilgisayarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f okullarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, Uygur T\u00fcrkleri ilkel okullarda e\u011fitimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/p>\n
Eskiden okullarda \u00c7ince a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 e\u011fitim yap\u0131l\u0131rken, 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda al\u0131nan bir kararla \u00fcniversitelerde e\u011fitim \u00c7ince a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yava\u015f yava\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn okullarda \u00c7ince e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ilmesi pl\u00e2nlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n-yay\u0131n: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da bas\u0131n-yay\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n durumu ile ilgili olarak F. Sema Barutcu \u00d6z\u00f6nder’in “Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da Bas\u0131n-Yay\u0131n Hayat\u0131: Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131’n\u0131n Edebi Ne\u015friyat\u0131 \u00d6rne\u011finde” adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da bir fikir verebilir. Bu makalede \u00c7in’in en b\u00fcy\u00fck az\u0131nl\u0131klar ne\u015friyat\u0131 olan Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131n\u0131n Uygurca kitap katalo\u011funu incelemi\u015f ve Kurum’un ne\u015friyat\u0131 Merkez\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmetin az\u0131nl\u0131k topluma kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siyasetle birebir uygunluk g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Yay\u0131nevinin 1953-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 edeb\u00ee yay\u0131n faaliyeti birka\u00e7 istisna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tamamen parti ideolojisine d\u00f6n\u00fck propaganda eserleridir ve \u00e7ok az Rus\u00e7adan terc\u00fcmeyi saymazsak, hemen hepsi \u00c7inceden terc\u00fcmedir.12<\/p>\n
Sa\u011fl\u0131k: Halk, devletin sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinden de mahrumdur. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki \u00c7inli n\u00fcfusun %95’i devletin \u00fccretsiz sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinden yararlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, T\u00fcrklerin yararlanma oran\u0131 ancak %12 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kalan\u0131, %88’i \u00fccrete t\u00e2bidir.<\/p>\n
Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin Genel T\u00fcrk\u00a0Dili \u0130\u00e7indeki Yeri<\/p>\n
Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi tarihte T\u00fcrk milletinin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nem rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de Eski Uygurcan\u0131n devam\u0131d\u0131r. Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi T\u00fcrk dilinin geli\u015fmesinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi -yani Uygur devrine ait T\u00fcrk\u00e7e- \u00c7uva\u015f ve Yakut leh\u00e7eleri m\u00fcstesna olmak \u00fczere bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7eleri i\u00e7in bir ana dil mahiyetindedir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc leh\u00e7eler, T\u00fcrk dilinin geli\u015fme kanunlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi devrinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 leh\u00e7elerin \u00f6zellikleri gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen teferruat, Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi devrinde bir dil i\u00e7inde ve o dilin tam hukuklu unsurlar\u0131 halinde ya\u015famakta idiler. Bunun tespiti Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin, T\u00fcrk dilinin geli\u015fmesinin tarihi ve bu geli\u015fmenin yol ve kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 tayin i\u00e7in de ne kadar m\u00fchim bir yer tuttu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye k\u00e2fidir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk dili T\u00fcrk milleti kadar ya\u015fl\u0131 bir te\u015fekk\u00fcld\u00fcr. En eski T\u00fcrk dilinin nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu \u015fimdiden katiyetle s\u00f6yleyememekle beraber, bug\u00fcn elimizde bir m\u00fcspet netice olarak \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. T\u00fcrk dilinin tarih\u00ee devirlerine giden yol Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi devri \u00fczerinden gidecek ve onun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da bu devrin bize g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fi yollardan istifade edecektir.13<\/p>\n
Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin tasnifine gelince, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan son y\u0131llara kadar yirmiden \u00e7ok tasnif denemesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemlileri Radloff’un, Ramstedt’in ve Samoylovi\u00e7’in tasnif denemeleridir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk dil biliminin kurucusu Wilhelm Radloff’un “Kuzey T\u00fcrk Dillerinin Ses Bilgisi” adl\u0131 eserinde yay\u0131mlanan ve “T\u00fcrk Leh\u00e7elerinin ses \u00d6zelliklerine G\u00f6re Tasnifi” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan denemesi, daha \u00f6nceki tasnif denemelerine bakarak, \u00e7ok daha bilimsel ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Radloff T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerini d\u00f6rt gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
I. Do\u011fu Diyalektleri:<\/p>\n
1. As\u0131l Altay diyalektleri (Altay, Tele\u00fct),
\n2. Baraba diyalekti,
\n3. Kuzey Altay
\ndiyalektleri (Lebed, \u015eor),
\n4. Abakan diyalektleri [Sagay, Koybal, Ka\u00e7, Y\u00fcs ve K\u0131z\u0131l, K\u00fcerik (\u00c7ol\u0131m),
\nSoyon, Karagas, Uygur];<\/p>\n
II. Bat\u0131 Diyalektleri: 1. K\u0131rg\u0131z diyalektleri (Kara-K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kazak-K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kara-Kalpak), 2. \u0130rti\u015f diyalektleri, 3. Ba\u015fkurt diyalekti, 4. Volvo ya da Kuzey Rusya diyalektleri (Mi\u015fer, Kama, Simbir, Kazan, Belebey, Kas\u0131m);<\/p>\n
III. Orta Asya Diyalektleri: 1. Taran\u00e7i, Kumul, Aksu, K\u00e2\u015fgar; \u00c7a\u011fatay diyalektleri (Kuzey Sart, Hokant, Zeref\u015fan, Buhara, Hive).<\/p>\n
IV. G\u00fcney Diyalektleri:
\n1. T\u00fcrkmen,
\n2. Azerbaycan,
\n3. Kafkasya diyalektleri,
\n4. Anadolu diyalektleri,
\n5. K\u0131r\u0131m diyalekti,
\n6. Osmanl\u0131 diyalekti.<\/p>\n
Radloff’un bu tasnifi, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, sadece dilleri de\u011fil, diyalektleri de i\u00e7ine almas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tasnif denemesidir.<\/p>\n
Radloff’tan sonraki en \u00f6nemli tasnif denemesi \u00fcnl\u00fc Mongolist ve Altayist Ramstedt yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ramstedt tek heceli s\u00f6zlerin sonundaki -aE ses grubunun durumu, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki \/d\/ foneminin korunmas\u0131 ya da \/z\/ ve \/y\/ seslerine geli\u015fmesi, s\u00f6z ba\u015f\u0131ndaki \/t\/ sesinin durumu gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerini \u015f\u00f6yle tasnif etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
I. \u00c7uva\u015f dili (taE > tu “da\u011f”)
\nII. Yakut Dili (taE > t\u0131a “orman”)
\nIII. Kuzey Grubu:<\/p>\n
1. d- alt grubu (taE > taE): Uranhay, Soyot; Karagas
\n2. z- alt grubu: Koybal, \u015eor; \u00c7ol\u0131m
\n3. y- alt grubu (taE > to: ya da tu:): Barada; Altay (Altay Kalm\u0131klar\u0131, Tele\u00fct, Lebed, Kumand\u0131)<\/p>\n
IV. Do\u011fu Grubu (d > y, taE > taE): Sart (Buhara, Hive); Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan (Yarkent, Ka\u015fgar, Turfan, Hami, Taran\u00e7i, \u00c7a\u011fatay)<\/p>\n
V. Bat\u0131 Grubu (taE > taw, d > y): K\u0131rg\u0131z, Kazak, Kara-Kalpak, Nogay, Kumuk, Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar, Karaim, Volga diyalektleri (Tatar, Mi\u015fer), Ba\u015fkurt.<\/p>\n
VI. G\u00fcney Grubu (taE > daE, da:, d > y): T\u00fcrkmen\u00a0(T\u00fcrkmenistan, Stavropol), T\u00fcrk ya da Osmanl\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ramstedt’in tasnifi, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yine \u00f6nemli tasniflerden biri olan Samoylovi\u00e7’in tasnifidir. O T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerini alt\u0131 gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tasnifinde Yeni Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini taEliq- grubuna (\u00c7a\u011fatay, G\u00fcney-Do\u011fu) d\u00e2hil etmi\u015ftir. Bu grubun \u00f6zellikleri \u015funlard\u0131r: 1. Z (toquz), 2. d > y (adaq > ayaq), 3. bol-, 4. -aE > aw (taE > taw). 5. -\u0131E > -\u0131q (taEl\u0131E > taEl\u0131q), 6. -Ean (qalEan). Eski yaz\u0131 dillerinden \u00c7a\u011fataycay\u0131 da bu gruba d\u00e2hil etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Modern T\u00fcrk dil ve leh\u00e7elerinin bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tasnif denemelerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerini 12 gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Yeni Uygurca ile \u00d6zbek\u00e7eyi taEliq veya \u00c7a\u011fatay grubuna dahil
\netmi\u015ftir.14<\/p>\n
1 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, a.g.e., s. 8-16.
\n2 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, a.g.e., s. 23-27.
\n3 \u0130klil Kurban, a.g.e., s. 9-15.
\n4 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, Ama\u00e7 Karahoca, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan -\u00c7in M\u00fcstemlekesi, \u0130stanbul 1960, s. 55-61
\n5 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, a.g.e., s. 61.
\n6 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, a.g.e., s. 85.
\n7 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, a.g.e., s. 348-350.
\n8 \u015ein Cangning Kiski\u00e7e Tarihi, 1984, s. 325-326.
\n9 \u015ein Cangning Kiski\u00e7e Tarihi, 1984, s. 328.
\n10 A. N. Korupatkin, K\u00e2\u015fgariye, (\u0130ngilizceden Uygurcaya \u00e7eviren: Hekime Er\u015fidin) \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984.
\n11 \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck El\u00e7ili\u011fi, Sincian’\u0131n \u015eimdiki Durumu, Ank. 1997.
\n12 F. Sema Barutcu \u00d6z\u00f6nder, “Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da Bas\u0131n-Yay\u0131n
\nHayat\u0131: Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131’n\u0131n Edebi Ne\u015friyat\u0131 \u00d6rne\u011finde”, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygur
\nEdebiyat\u0131nda Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele, (Sempozyum) Ankara 1996, s. 65 vd.
\n13 R. R. Arat, “Uygur T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi’nin T\u00fcrk Dili Tarihindeki Yeri”, Makaleler, Ank. 1987, s. 400.
\n14 Erdem Dergisi, Ankara, cilt 5, Ocak 1989.<\/p>\n
Kaynak:www.tarihtarih.com<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Dr. Erkin Emet T\u00fcrkiye Seidiye Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’ndan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Kalmuklar 1674’te Turfan, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i ve \u0130li b\u00f6lgelerinde Cungariye Devleti’ni kurdular. 1679’dan sonra 18 y\u0131l boyunca bu devlet b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcneyine de h\u00e2kim oldu. Kalmuklar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyetindeki bu devir, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da genel vali s\u0131fat\u0131yla hocalar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir devir olmu\u015f; bu sebeple “Hocalar Devri” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1 Bu tarihten sonra […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1613"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1650,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613\/revisions\/1650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}