{"id":1653,"date":"2020-02-12T07:27:53","date_gmt":"2020-02-12T07:27:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/?p=1653"},"modified":"2020-02-12T07:27:53","modified_gmt":"2020-02-12T07:27:53","slug":"rape-in-xinjiang-camps-the-tibetan-precedent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/?p=1653","title":{"rendered":"Rape in Xinjiang Camps: The Tibetan Precedent"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Accounts of sexual abuse of detained Uyghur and ethnic Kazakh women are highly believable. Buddhist nuns are also raped in Tibet\u2019s transformation through education camps, where rape is used as a tool for re-education.<\/h2>\n<p><em>by Massimo Introvigne<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tibetan-nun.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1654\" src=\"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tibetan-nun.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tibetan-nun.jpg 640w, https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Tibetan-nun-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A Tibetan nun, photo by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ani_Tshamkhung_Female_Monastery_Lhasa_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Luca Galuzzi<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>At the end of January, a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/german-report-spells-out-china-human-rights-abuses-against-uighur-muslims\/a-52216644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">confidential report<\/a>\u00a0by the German Foreign Ministry about\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/xinjiang\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Xinjiang&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(\u65b0\u7586, officially the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). The \u201cautonomous\u201d region of China whose largest ethnic group is Uyghurs, with another 7% of Ethnic Kazakhs, and Islam as the majority religion. The World Uyghur Congress and other Uyghur organizations do not accept the name Xinjiang, which means \u201cNew Frontier\u201d or \u201cNew Borderland\u201d and was imposed by Imperial China in 1884, after it conquered or rather reconquered the region, that it had already occupied between 1760 and 1860. Uyghurs prefer the name \u201cEast Turkestan,\u201d which was also used by two ephemeral independent states, known as the First (1933) and the Second (1944\u201349) East Turkestan Republics. In order to avoid the choice between \u201cXinjiang\u201d and \u201cEast Turkestan,\u201d both problematic designations, American scholar Rian Thum suggested to adopt the ancient name of the region, Altishahr (\u201cSix Cities\u201d), which is however rarely used outside of scholarly circles.&lt;\/div&gt;\">Xinjiang<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/transformation-through-education-camps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Transformation Through Education Camps&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The camps that replaced the &lt;em&gt;laojiao&lt;\/em&gt; after the latter were abolished in 2013. Scholars believe that they currently have one and a half million inmates, of which roughly one million are Uyghurs. Although the CCP, and a 2018 law that legalized them in Xinjiang, presented them as \u201ceducational\u201d facilities, in fact inmates are submitted to a inhuman regime of labor and indoctrination and to strong pressure to renounce their religious faith, with instances of torture and suspicious deaths frequently reported.&lt;\/div&gt;\">transformation through education camps<\/a>\u00a0was leaked to some German media. It revealed that, while the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/ccp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;CCP&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;It stands for Chinese Communist Party, which from 1949 controls all social and political life in China. Members of CCP should in principle be self-proclaimed atheists. The ultimate goal of CCP is suppression of religion. However, how this goal is achieved has varied during time, and after Chairman Mao\u2019s death the CCP has acknowledged that, notwithstanding its efforts, religions may survive in China for a long time.&lt;\/div&gt;\">CCP<\/a>\u00a0claims the camps are simply \u201cvocational schools,\u201d they are in fact horrific jails where, in addition to torture and extra-judicial killing, sexual abuse of female inmates is regularly reported.<\/p>\n<p>A few days before,\u00a0<em>The New York Times\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/29\/magazine\/uyghur-muslims-china.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">published a feature article<\/a>\u00a0by a reporter who had been to Kazakhstan and has interviewed\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/ethnic-kazakhs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ethnic Kazakhs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(\u54c8\u85a9\u514b\u65cf). An ethnic minority of 1,5 million Chinese citizens who speak the Kazakh language and live in Xinjiang, where there are a Kazakh \u201cautonomous\u201d prefecture and three Kazakh \u201cautonomous\u201d counties. Almost all ethnic Kazakhs are Muslim, and they are subject to increasing religious persecution together with the Uyghurs.&lt;\/div&gt;\">ethnic Kazakhs<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/uyghurs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Uyghurs&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The largest part of the population (46,5 %) in Xinjiang, where Han Chinese have however grown to 39% through a government-sponsored immigration program aimed at sinicization. Uyghurs are not ethnically Chinese and speak their own Turkic Uyghur language. Many Uyghurs do not speak Chinese at all. The overwhelming majority of the Uyghurs are Sunni Muslim. They experience a severe religious persecution, and one million of them have been taken to the dreaded transformation through education camps.&lt;\/div&gt;\">Uyghurs<\/a>\u00a0who had escaped there from the camps in Xinjiang. What she learned there was far away from the whitewashed accounts of \u201cvocational schools.\u201d \u201cOne man, she wrote, was caged underground in a police station, beaten until he lost the hearing in one ear.\u201d Others \u201cwere shackled and strung up as if crucified\u201d. It is common to tie inmates to \u201ctiger benches,\u201d chain them, and deprive them of sleep. Muslim inmates are \u201ccompelled to renounce religion\u201d and \u201cforced to thank Xi [Jinping] every night for the opportunity to be so enlightened.\u201d The female\u00a0<em>Times\u00a0<\/em>reporter also encountered reports of sexual abuse.<\/p>\n<p>Are these accounts believable? Last week, the debate\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.columbiaspectator.com\/opinion\/2020\/02\/10\/letter-to-the-editor-the-difference-between-moral-clarity-and-silencing-speech\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hit Columbia University<\/a>\u00a0in New York when a student criticized the University\u2019s magazine, which is very keen to denounce sexual abuse in other circumstances, for an article about the Xinjiang camps where reports of torture and rape were ignored.<\/p>\n<p>Somewhat missing in the discussion is that rape as part of the CCP \u201cre-education\u201d is not new. Tibetans have long complained that it also exists in the \u201ctransformation through education camps\u201d in Tibet. Yes, the same camps are present in Tibet, and with the same name. In Tibetan, it is\u00a0<em>lobso yosang teyney khang<\/em>\u00a0(\u0f66\u0fb3\u0f7c\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f42\u0f66\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f61\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f66\u0fb2\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f9f\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f42\u0f53\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f41\u0f44\u0f0b), which is the equivalent of\u00a0<em>jiaoyu zhuanhua<\/em>\u00a0(\u6559\u80b2\u8f6c\u5316), normally translated as \u201ctransformation through education\u201d camps. Not surprisingly, the same horrible accounts come from Tibet as they do from Xinjiang.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, the highly respected Tibetan Center for\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Human Rights&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The fundamental rights of all human beings to life, freedom, justice, and safety, defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.&lt;\/div&gt;\">Human Rights<\/a>\u00a0and Democracy published\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tchrd.org\/tibetan-monks-account-reveals-torture-and-sexual-abuse-rampant-in-chinas-political-re-education-centres\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the account of a Buddhist monk<\/a>\u00a0who had been detained in the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/transformation-through-education-camp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Transformation Through Education Camp&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See\u00a0Transformation Through Education Camps.&lt;\/div&gt;\">transformation through education camp<\/a>\u00a0in Sog (in Chinese, Suo)\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;County&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(\u7e23). The oldest and most common unit in the administrative division of China, part of the third-tier County Level. Some 1,400 counties exist today in China.&lt;\/div&gt;\">County<\/a>, Nagchu\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/prefecture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Prefecture&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(\u5730\u5340). Once the main unit of the Prefectural Level in the administrative division of China, the prefecture has now been largely replaced by the prefecture-level city. Only seven prefectures survive in Heilongjiang, Tibet, and Xinjiang.&lt;\/div&gt;\">Prefecture<\/a>, Tibet\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background-color: transparent;color: #dd3333 !important;text-decoration: none !important;border-bottom: 1px dotted #dd3333 !important\" href=\"https:\/\/bitterwinter.org\/Vocabulary\/autonomous-region\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Autonomous Region&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340). An administrative division of China, part of the first-level Provincial Level (\u7701\u7d1a\u884c\u653f\u5340). Although these regions are \u201cautonomous\u201d in name only, they have been instituted for regions inhabited by ethnic or religious minorities. They are the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (\u65b0\u7586\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340), the Tibet Autonomous Region (\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340), the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (\u5167\u8499\u53e4\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340), the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (\u5ee3\u897f\u58ef\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340), and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (\u5be7\u590f\u56de\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340).&lt;\/div&gt;\">Autonomous Region<\/a>. Both laypersons and monks and nuns were incarcerated there. They had to endure exhausting military drills and were compelled to denounce the Dalai Lama and sing CCP songs.<\/p>\n<p>The monk reported that after the military drills the women, particularly the Buddhist nuns, were abused and raped taking advantage of their exhaustion. \u201cMany nuns would lose consciousness during the drills, he wrote. Sometimes officers would take unconscious nuns inside where I saw them fondle the nuns\u2019 breasts and grope all over their body.\u201d Afterwards, the guards would spend the night in the nuns\u2019 cells. The monk was told by female inmates about \u201cofficers lying in the nuns\u2019 bedroom pressing unconscious nuns underneath.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Male and female inmates who tried to protest were severely punished. The monk reported that they were hit so badly \u201cwith electric batons that they would lose consciousness. The officers would revive the unconscious inmates by splashing water on their faces. This cycle of losing and reviving consciousness would go on for some time at the end of which the officers would use a black plastic pipe to beat and pour water on all parts of the body and then use electric batons to beat some more. Soon black and blue marks would appear on the victim\u2019s body and render him or her half-dead.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Rape is not only a way to satisfy the prison guards\u2019 lust. As the Catholic daily\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/international.la-croix.com\/news\/tibetan-nuns-claim-sexual-abuse-at-re-education-centers\/8169\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>La Croix International\u00a0<\/em>reported<\/a>, rape is in its own way a tool for re-education, as once \u201cdefiled\u201d Buddhist nuns do not feel they can return to the monasteries and continue with their monastic life. The daily reported systematic rape of nuns in Tibet has been going on for decades.<\/p>\n<p>Other female prisoners of conscience from banned religious groups are also raped.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theepochtimes.com\/4-cases-of-sexual-torture-of-falun-dafa-adherents-documented-by-gao-zhisheng_2807899.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Falun Gong reports<\/a>\u00a0systematic sexual abuse of its female practitioners in Chinese jails. In my\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/inside-the-church-of-almighty-god-9780190089092?cc=it&amp;lang=en&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">book about The Church of Almighty God<\/a>, I told myself the story, which is supported by documents, of Sister Jiang Guizhi (1966-2013), a member of that church who was raped by policemen and died as a result of mistreatment and torture. There is more than one sign that Muslim women in Xinjiang are becoming the next victims of the same policy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Accounts of sexual abuse of detained Uyghur and ethnic Kazakh women are highly believable. Buddhist nuns are also raped in Tibet\u2019s transformation through education camps, where rape is used as a tool for re-education. by Massimo Introvigne A Tibetan nun, photo by\u00a0Luca Galuzzi &nbsp; At the end of January, a\u00a0confidential report\u00a0by the German Foreign Ministry [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101020,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chinas-uyghur-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/101020"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1653"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1655,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1653\/revisions\/1655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/akademiye.org\/en\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}